Between Lived and Archived Memory: How Digital Archives Can Tell History

Los archivos digitales, tal como son creados en línea por grupos de interés de la India, realizan la doble tarea de incorporar prácticas de memoria vivida y de almacenar información de archivo. Dichos archivos afirman categóricamente que preservan el pasado  e involucran de forma activa a los usuarios como consumidores proactivos (prosumer) en la red, quienes interactúan creando y compartiendo el contenido de los archivos digitales. Dos archivos digitales indios sirven para ilustrar cómo se logra esto. Estos archivos constituyen, pues, espacios digitales que exploran la divisoria que separa los lieux de mémoire de los milieux de mémoire, conceptos convencionales que distinguen entre la historia y la memoria. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo, dichos archivos se basan en ideas sobre la historia y la memoria que reinventan la noción de los archivos como voces autoritarias.Els arxius digitals, tal com són creats pels grups d'interès de l'Índia, realitzen la doble tasca d'incorporar pràctiques de memòria viscuda i d'emmagatzemar informació d'arxiu. Aquests arxius afirmen categòricament que preserven el passat i que involucren de forma activa els usuaris com a consumidors proactius (prosumer) a la xarxa. Aquests interactuen creant i compartint el contingut dels arxius digitals. Dos arxius digitals indis ens serviran per il·lustrar com es produeixen aquests processos. Aquests arxius constitueixen, doncs, espais digitals que exploren la divisòria que separa els lieux de mémoire dels milieux de mémoire, conceptes convencionals que distingeixen la història de la memòria. No obstant això, al mateix temps, aquests arxius es basen en idees sobre la història i la memòria que reinventen la noció dels arxius com a veus autoritàries.Digital archives, as they are set up online by Indian stakeholders, perform the dual task of involving practices of lived memory and storing archival information. They decidedly claim to preserve the past, and they actively engage users as prosumers on the web who interact with the creation and sharing of the digital archives’ content. Two Indian digital archives exemplify how this is done successfully. These archives are thus digital spaces that scrutinize the distinct line between lieux de memoire and milieux de memoire as a conventional concept of distinguishing history from memory. Yet, at the same time, they rely on ideas of History and memory that reinvent notions of archives as authoritarian voices

Cluster Analysis : A Comparison of Different Similarity Measures for SNP Data

The issue of suitable similarity measures for a particular kind of genetic data - so called SNP data - arises, e.g., from the GENICA (The Interdisciplinary Study Group on Gene Environmental Interactions and Breast Cancer in Germany) case-control study of sporadic breast cancer. The GENICA study aims to investigate the influence and interaction of single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) loci and exogenous risk factors. It is very unlikely that there exists one main effect, say only one polymorphism, being responsible for such a complex disease as sporadic breast cancer as the role of a single gene within the carcinogenic process is limited (Garte, 2001). Nevertheless, it is assumed that a number of interacting SNPs in combination with certain environmental risk factors increase the individual susceptibility. The search for SNP patterns in the present data set may be performed by a variety of clustering and classification approaches. Here we consider the problem of adequate similarity measures for variables or subjects as an indispensable basis for a further cluster analysis. The term ?similarity? is still vague for SNP data. A main problem arises by the general structure of such data sets: the proportion of hetero- or homozygous SNPs is rather small compared with the homozygous reference sequence. Thus, the relevant information of combinations of genetic alterations is often masked by a huge amount of common occurrences of homozygous reference types. Therefore, we examine different similarity measures, conventional ones as well as new coefficients which we created especially for SNP data. Furthermore, we compare the resulting partitions with each other adapting the clustering of clustering methods of Rand (1971) for different similarity measures. --cluster analysis,clustering clustering methods,GENICA,similarity,single nucleotide polymorphism,sporadic breast cancer

A Typology of Design Knowledge: A Theoretical Framework

This paper is a theoretical approach to structure design-specific knowledge into a framework, which can be used within the context of organizational and societal development. We conducted an extensive literature review about existing definitions of design knowledge, and knowledge in general. Based on this, we developed a typology, which consists of four different types of design knowledge and three interjacent transitions. According to our proposed framework, design knowledge can be represented in physical artifacts, as tacit gut feeling, as codified knowledge, or as scientific theories. To illustrate further we present examples for each knowledge type and transition and we suggest prototypical approaches for transferring these types of design knowledge in the context of design education. We believe this paper contributes to a better understanding of design knowledge, and our suggested framework might serve as a foundation for further design research, and for developing ITsystems to support design processes

Understanding Artifact Knowledge in Design Science: Prototypes and Products as Knowledge Repositories

This article analyzes the role of artifacts in Information Systems regarding their capability to store and transfer designknowledge and to support the researcher-practitioner collaboration. A definition for design artifacts and their characteristicsis presented that distinguishes between prototypes and products. Based on three examples for artifacts from the field ofInformation Systems, deficits concerning the accessibility of artifacts are identified, as well as problems of unintentionalembedding of knowledge into artifacts—both results in a \u27design science dilemma\u27. A strategy of \u27open artifacts\u27 is suggested,since this might support the collaboration between authors of artifacts (practitioners) and researchers who may want to extractand analyze the embedded knowledge. The work in this paper contributes to a better understanding of knowledge transfermechanisms in design science and can be used as a foundation for further research in the development of artifact-basedknowledge transfer and re-engineering

Virtual screening for PPAR-gamma ligands using the ISOAK molecular graph kernel and gaussian processes

For a virtual screening study, we introduce a combination of machine learning techniques, employing a graph kernel, Gaussian process regression and clustered cross-validation. The aim was to find ligands of peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-y). The receptors in the PPAR family belong to the steroid-thyroid-retinoid superfamily of nuclear receptors and act as transcription factors. They play a role in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism in vertebrates and are linked to various human processes and diseases. For this study, we used a dataset of 176 PPAR-y agonists published by Ruecker et al. ..