High prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies in two metropolitan emergency departments in Germany : a prospective screening analysis of 28,809 patients

Background and Aims: The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies in Germany has been estimated to be in the range of 0.4–0.63%. Screening for HCV is recommended in patients with elevated ALT levels or significant risk factors for HCV transmission only. However, 15–30% of patients report no risk factors and ALT levels can be normal in up to 20–30% of patients with chronic HCV infection. The aim of this study was to assess the HCV seroprevalence in patients visiting two tertiary care emergency departments in Berlin and Frankfurt, respectively. Methods: Between May 2008 and March 2010, a total of 28,809 consecutive patients were screened for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies. Anti-HCV positive sera were subsequently tested for HCV-RNA. Results: The overall HCV seroprevalence was 2.6% (95% CI: 2.4–2.8; 2.4% in Berlin and 3.5% in Frankfurt). HCV-RNA was detectable in 68% of anti-HCV positive cases. Thus, the prevalence of chronic HCV infection in the overall study population was 1.6% (95% CI 1.5–1.8). The most commonly reported risk factor was former/current injection drug use (IDU; 31.2%) and those with IDU as the main risk factor were significantly younger than patients without IDU (p<0.001) and the male-to-female ratio was 72% (121 vs. 46 patients; p<0.001). Finally, 18.8% of contacted HCV-RNA positive patients had not been diagnosed previously. Conclusions: The HCV seroprevalence was more than four times higher compared to current estimates and almost one fifth of contacted HCV-RNA positive patients had not been diagnosed previously

Модель смешанного обучения в преподавании дисциплины "Методы получения чистых веществ"

Данная работа посвящена использованию модели смешанного обучения в преподавании дисциплины "Методы получения чистых веществ" на английском языке. Исследовались элементы смешанного обучения, стратегия организации образовательного процесса, план учебной деятельности. Подробно описаны виды учебной деятельности и подобраны формы организации процесса. Для каждого вида деятельности определены уровни таксономии Блума. Показаны преимущества модели смешанного обучения в преподавании лабораторных работ для студентов инженерной специальности

Axonal transport deficit in a KIF5A–/– mouse model

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder preferentially affecting the longest corticospinal axons. More than 40 HSP genetic loci have been identified, among them SPG10, an autosomal dominant HSP caused by point mutations in the neuronal kinesin heavy chain protein KIF5A. Constitutive KIF5A knockout (KIF5A–/–) mice die early after birth. In these mice, lungs were unexpanded, and cell bodies of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord swollen, but the pathomechanism remained unclear. To gain insights into the pathophysiology, we characterized survival, outgrowth, and function in primary motor and sensory neuron cultures from KIF5A–/– mice. Absence of KIF5A reduced survival in motor neurons, but not in sensory neurons. Outgrowth of axons and dendrites was remarkably diminished in KIF5A–/– motor neurons. The number of axonal branches was reduced, whereas the number of dendrites was not altered. In KIF5A–/– sensory neurons, neurite outgrowth was decreased but the number of neurites remained unchanged. In motor neurons maximum and average velocity of mitochondrial transport was reduced both in anterograde and retrograde direction. Our results point out a role of KIF5A in process outgrowth and axonal transport of mitochondria, affecting motor neurons more severely than sensory neurons. This gives pathophysiological insights into KIF5A associated HSP, and matches the clinical findings of predominant degeneration of the longest axons of the corticospinal tract

Automated Generation of Reliable Blood Velocity Parameter Maps from Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Data

Objectives. The purpose of this study was the automated generation and validation of parametric blood flow velocity maps, based on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) scans. Materials and Methods. Ethical approval for animal experiments was obtained. CEUS destruction-replenishment sequences were recorded in phantoms and three different tumor xenograft mouse models. Systematic pixel binning and intensity averaging was performed to generate parameter maps of blood flow velocities with different pixel resolution. The 95% confidence interval of the mean velocity, calculated on the basis of the whole tumor segmentation, served as ground truth for the different parameter maps. Results. In flow phantoms the measured mean velocity values were only weakly influenced by the pixel resolution and correlated with real velocities (r2≥0.94,  p<0.01). In tumor xenografts, however, calculated mean velocities varied significantly (p<0.0001), depending on the parameter maps’ resolution. Pixel binning was required for all in vivo measurements to obtain reliable parameter maps and its degree depended on the tumor model. Conclusion. Systematic pixel binning allows the automated identification of optimal pixel resolutions for parametric maps, supporting textural analysis of CEUS data. This approach is independent from the ultrasound setup and can be implemented in the software of other (clinical) ultrasound devices

Iron oxide-labeled collagen scaffolds for non-invasive MR imaging in tissue engineering

Non-invasive imaging holds significant potential for implementation in tissue engineering. It can be used to monitor the localization and function of tissue-engineered implants, as well as their resorption and remodelling. Thus far, however, the vast majority of effort in this area of research have focused on the use of ultrasmall super-paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticle-labeled cells, colonizing the scaffolds, to indirectly image the implant material. Reasoning that directly labeling scaffold materials might be more beneficial (enabling imaging also in the case of non-cellularized implants), more informative (enabling the non-invasive visualization and quantification of scaffold degradation), and easier to translate into the clinic (cell-free materials are less complex from a regulatory point-of-view), three different types of USPIO nanoparticles are prepared and incorporated both passively and actively (via chemical conjugation; during collagen crosslinking) into collagen-based scaffold materials. The amount of USPIO incorporated into the scaffolds is optimized, and correlated with MR signal intensity, showing that the labeled scaffolds are highly biocompatible, and that scaffold degradation can be visualized using MRI. This provides an initial proof-of-principle for the in vivo visualization of the scaffolds. Consequently, USPIO-labeled scaffold materials seem to be highly suitable for image-guided tissue engineering application

Sonoporation enhances liposome accumulation and penetration in tumors with low EPR

The Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect is a highly variable phenomenon. To enhance EPR-mediated passive drug targeting to tumors, several different pharmacological and physical strategies have been evaluated over the years, including e.g. TNFα-treatment, vascular normalization, hyperthermia and radiotherapy. Here, we systematically investigated the impact of sonoporation, i.e. the combination of ultrasound (US) and microbubbles (MB), on the tumor accumulation and penetration of liposomes. Two different MB formulations were employed, and their ability to enhance liposome accumulation and penetration was evaluated in two different tumor models, which are both characterized by relatively low levels of EPR (i.e. highly cellular A431 epidermoid xenografts and highly stromal BxPC-3 pancreatic carcinoma xenografts). The liposomes were labeled with two different fluorophores, enabling in vivo computed tomography/fluorescence molecular tomography (CT-FMT) and ex vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM). In both models, in spite of relatively high inter- and intra-individual variability, a trend towards improved liposome accumulation and penetration was observed. In treated tumors, liposome concentrations were up to twice as high as in untreated tumors, and sonoporation enhanced the ability of liposomes to extravasate out of the blood vessels into the tumor interstitium. These findings indicate that sonoporation may be a useful strategy for improving drug targeting to tumors with low EPR

Fundamental Studies on Mechanical Drying of Lemon Balm

本研究首先探討香蜂草之最合適乾燥層厚度，並獲致其最佳值為6 cm，當以此厚度使用烤箱熱風與吸附除濕進行香蜂草乾燥基礎試驗，兩種乾燥方式溫度設定，分別為烤箱熱風40、50與60 ℃三溫階與吸附除濕20、30、35與40℃ 四溫階，試驗結果顯示40 ℃為烤箱熱風乾燥乾品在品質判定下之最佳乾燥溫度，而35 ℃則為吸附除濕乾燥乾品在考量品質與單位時間產量下之最佳乾燥溫度。兩溫度所獲致乾品物理品質之乾品磨粉色澤、茶湯水色與重量復水率量測結果，各有優勢之表現。當進一步以ANOVA單因子變異數分析其品質指標，結果顯示僅乾品磨粉色澤無顯著差異外，其餘之兩品質指標則皆有顯著差異，茶湯水色以烤箱熱風乾燥者佳，但重量復水率則以吸附除濕乾燥者佳。本研究亦獲致修正Newton模式對香蜂草乾燥之乾基含水率變化，具有良好之迴歸適稱性，可作為香蜂草乾燥之預測方程式。 本研究以平衡相對濕度法(ERH)進行香蜂草去濕平衡含水率(EMC)物性之探討。試驗時分別以四種平衡含水率模式，即Henderson、Chung-Pfost、修正Halsey與Oswin方程式，經由量測數據適稱性之探討，綜合迴歸分析之殘差圖及決定係數R2值、殘差平方和SSE值與平均相對偏差百分比P值比較後，獲致在六個溫階20、30、35、40、50與60 ℃下，Oswin二參數模式與修正Oswin三參數模式皆具有相等的之平衡含水率與平衡相對濕度之適用代表性，可作為香蜂草去濕平衡含水率之最佳預測模式。 本研究結果獲致三種乾燥層厚度3、6與9 cm，在相同乾燥溫度下乾燥所獲得之香蜂草乾品樣本，經由ANOVA單因子變異數分析皆具有相同之抗氧化能力。香蜂草乾品清除ABTS.+陽離子自由基之能力，則隨乾燥溫度降低而提高；烤箱熱風與吸附除濕兩種乾燥方式，分別以40與20 ℃兩溫階，獲致香蜂草乾品有較佳之效果，其總抗氧化力TEAC值分別為0.12與0.24 mmol/L。本研究亦獲致烤箱熱風與吸附除濕最佳乾燥條件分別為溫度40 與35 ℃，雖兩者之香蜂草乾品抗氧化能力無顯著差異，但以吸附除濕乾燥所獲得之乾品有較高之ABTS.+陽離子自由基清除率，因此獲致最佳之香蜂草乾燥條件為35 ℃吸附除濕乾燥。In this research, an appropriate thickness of drying layers for lemon balm was first investigated, and the best thickness obtained was 6 cm. Based on the best thickness of drying layers, the fundamental drying tests of lemon balm using the hot-air drying and the desiccant dehumidification drying, respectively, were performed. The temperatures for the hot-air drying were 40, 50, and 60 ℃, whereas 20, 30, 35 and 40 ℃ for the desiccant dehumidification drying. The experimental results showed that the optimum drying temperature obtained for the hot-air drying on the evaluation of the drying products quality was 40 ℃ and which was 35 ℃ for the desiccant dehumidification drying as the quality and the production rate considered. The physical quality indices such as the white index of the samples powder and tea water, and the weight rehydration rate of lemon balm curing from these two temperatures were also evaluated, and both methods displayed different advantages on the above qualities. The statistical values obtained by using the ANOVA analysis gave that on both methods, the white index of the sample powder showed no significant differences, the white index of the sample tea water of the hot-air drying was superior, and the weight rehydration rate of the desiccant dehumidification drying was better. This reseach also demonstrated that Modified Newton’s model had the characteristics of the goodness-of-fit to predict the moisture content changes of lemon balm, and could be used as its prediction equation. The Equilibrium Relative Humidity (ERH) scheme was used to proceed the study of the physical property of the desorption Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) of lemon balm during the dehydration process. The four different ERH/EMC models including the Henderson, Chung-Pfost, modified Halsey and Oswin equations were respectively used to investigate the fitting agreement of the measured data. Based on the comparison of the residual distributions, the coefficient of determination R2 values, the residual sum of squares SSE values, and the mean relative percentage deviation P values obtained from the regression analysis of six temperatures 20、30、35、40、50 and 60 ℃ tests, the Oswin model with two parameters and the modified Oswin model with three parameters all had the equivalent representative to the prediction of ERH/EMC values for the samples of lemon balm, and was also the best predicting models for the desorption isotherms of lemon balm. In this research, the drying products obtained from the three drying layers of thicknesses 3, 6 and 9 cm using hot-air 40 ℃ demonstrated that using the ANOVA analysis, the values of the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) showed no significant difference among these three experimental sets. The lemon balm ability to clean the ABTS.+ free-radicals raised as the drying temperature decreased. The testing results also showed that the hot-air 40 ℃ with the TEAC value 0.12 mmol/L and the desiccant dehumidification 20 ℃ with the TEAC value 0.24 mmol/L, respectively, held the best capability of cleaning the ABTS.+ free-radicals in each drying method.Through the comparision of the drying products obtained from the optimum drying temperatures of hot-air 40 ℃ and desiccant dehumidification 35 ℃, respectively, the TEAC value showed no significant difference, while the desiccant dehumidification method had a higher value of scanveging effect with a better free-radicals cleaning ability. Therefore, the optimum drying condition obtained for lemon balm was temperature 35 ℃ in the desiccant dehumidification drying method.摘要Ⅰ AbstractⅢ 目錄Ⅵ 表目錄Ⅹ 圖目錄ⅩⅡ 附錄圖目錄ⅩⅤ 第一章緒論1 1-1 前言1 1-2 研究目的4 第二章文獻探討6 2-1 香蜂草基本特性6 2-1-1香蜂草之性狀及品種6 2-1-2香蜂草之生長特性6 2-2 香蜂草之藥理性成分與抗氧化特性7 2-3 香蜂草之乾燥狀況9 2-4 食品水活性10 2-5 熱風乾燥基本原理10 2-6 乾燥原理12 2-6-1乾燥理論12 2-6-2乾燥時期12 2-7動態平衡含水率15 2-7-1動態平衡含水率15 2-7-2乾燥模式之探討15 2-7-3乾燥曲線方程式探討16 2-8平衡含水率18 2-8-1平衡含水率18 2-8-2平衡含水率模式探討19 2-8-3模式適稱性之比較23 2-9吸附除濕乾燥基本原理25 2-9-1簡介 25 2-9-2固體除濕輪 26 2-9-3吸附除濕乾燥基本原理26 2-9-4吸附除濕流程27 2-9-5吸附除濕乾燥過程29 2-9-6吸附除濕特性30 2-10 香蜂草精油之萃取方式與特性31 2-10-1 香蜂草精油之介紹31 2-10-2 常見之精油萃取方式32 2-10-3 香蜂草精油之特性33 第三章實驗材料、設備與方法34 3-1實驗材料34 3-2實驗設備34 3-3實驗方法36 3-3-1 含水率測定36 3-3-2 乾燥層厚度試驗37 3-3-3 乾燥試驗37 3-3-4乾燥品質之判定39 3-3-5動態平衡含水率之測定41 3-3-6乾燥模式之探討41 3-3-7乾燥曲線方程式之探討41 3-3-8平衡含水率測定42 3-3-9吸附除濕應用於香蜂草乾燥其可行性之評估44 3-4總抗氧化力試驗45 3-4-1 實驗材料45 3-4-2 試驗藥品45 3-4-3 藥品配置46 3-4-4 總抗氧化力測定方法46 3-4-5 混合反應液製作47 3-4-6 反應時間之量測48 3-4-7 Trolox標準品之測試49 3-4-8 總抗氧化力之量測49 第四章結果與討論51 4-1香蜂草含水率測定方法與乾燥層厚度試驗51 4-1-1 含水率測定方法51 4-1-2 乾燥層厚度試驗52 4-2乾燥試驗結果57 4-2-1 烤箱熱風乾燥試驗57 4-2-2 吸附除濕乾燥試驗63 4-2-3 烤箱熱風與吸附除濕最佳乾燥溫度乾品之品質比較69 4-2-4乾燥模式之建立71 4-2-5乾燥常數K之關係式77 4-3靜態平衡含水率80 4-3-1靜態平衡含水率量測結果80 4-3-2靜態平衡含水率方程式預測結果82 4-4總抗氧化力試驗結果98 4-4-1反應時間之量測試驗98 4-4-2 Trolox標準品之測試分析101 4-4-3 總抗氧化力之量測分析103 第五章結論109 第六章建議112 第七章參考文獻113 表 目 錄 表3-1香蜂草平衡含水率試驗流程43 表4-1香蜂草在105 ℃烘烤下重量之變化情形51 表4-2不同乾燥層厚度之烤箱熱風40 ℃乾燥試驗結果53 表4-3烤箱熱風40 ℃不同乾燥層厚度之香蜂草乾燥試驗乾品品質分析判定結果56 表4-4烤箱熱風乾燥試驗結果58 表4-5香蜂草烤箱熱風乾燥試驗之乾品品質分析判定結果62 表4-6吸附除濕乾燥試驗結果65 表4-7吸附除濕乾燥試驗乾品品質分析判定結果67 表4-8烤箱熱風40 ℃與吸附除濕35 ℃乾燥試驗乾品品質分析判定結果70 表4-9以動態平衡含水率代入Newton模式進行非線性迴歸之結果72 表4-10以動態平衡含水率代入修正Newton模式進行非線性迴歸之結果73 表4-11二模式之乾燥常數K =a exp(-b/(T+273.15)關係式所獲得的迴歸常數與決定係數 78 表4-12二模式之乾燥常數K=a+bT2關係式所獲得的迴歸常數與決定係數78 表4-13二模式之乾燥常數K=a+bT2-cRH關係式所獲得的迴歸常數與決定係數79 表4-14香蜂草之去濕平衡含水率與平衡相對濕度81 表4-15二參數Henderson模式之去濕數據之估計參數與統計標準83 表4-16二參數Chung-Pfost模式之去濕數據之估計參數與統計標準83 表4-17二參數修正Halsey模式之去濕數據之估計參數與統計標準84 表4-18二參數Oswin模式之去濕數據之估計參數與統計標準84 表4-19三參數模式之去濕數據之估計參數與統計標準91 表4-20二與三參數模式之殘差絕對值進行單因子變異數分析的結果96 表4-21烤箱熱風40 ℃不同乾燥層厚度對香蜂草清除ABTS.+陽離子自由基總抗氧化能力之影響104 表4-22烤箱熱風乾燥方式對香蜂草清除ABTS.+陽離子自由基總抗氧化能力之影響105 表4-23吸附除濕乾燥方式對香蜂草清除ABTS.+陽離子自由基總抗氧化能力之影響107 表4-24烤箱熱風40 ℃與吸附除濕35 ℃乾燥方式對香蜂草清除ABTS.+陽離子自由基總抗氧化能力之影響108 圖 目 錄 圖2-1濕氣圖表示熱風乾燥過程空氣之變化11 圖2-2濕氣圖表示除濕輪乾燥過程中空氣之變化28 圖2-3濕氣圖表示吸附除濕乾燥過程中空氣之變化29 圖3-1配製之混合反應液48 圖4-1烤箱熱風40 ℃不同乾燥厚度對香蜂草乾燥過程中濕基含水率變化之影響53 圖4-2烤箱熱風40 ℃不同乾燥厚度對香蜂草乾燥過程中乾基含水率變化之影響54 圖4-3烤箱熱風40 ℃不同乾燥厚度對香蜂草乾燥過程中乾基乾減率之影響54 圖4-4乾燥試驗時烤箱內部相對濕度變化圖58 圖4-5烤箱熱風乾燥之香蜂草的濕基含水率隨時間之變化關係圖59 圖4-6烤箱熱風乾燥之香蜂草的乾基含水率隨時間之變化關係圖59 圖4-7烤箱熱風乾燥之香蜂草的乾基乾減率隨時間之變化關係圖60 圖4-8吸附除濕乾燥之香蜂草的濕基含水率隨時間之變化關係圖64 圖4-9吸附除濕乾燥之香蜂草的乾基含水率隨時間之變化關係圖64 圖4-10吸附除濕乾燥試驗時乾燥倉內部相對濕度變化圖65 圖4-11吸附除濕乾燥之香蜂草的乾基乾減率隨時間之變化關係圖66 圖4-12烤箱熱風40 ℃之樣本乾基含水率實測值與Newton模式預測值之比較74 圖4-13烤箱熱風40 ℃之樣本乾基含水率實測值與修正Newton模式預測值之比較74 圖4-14吸附除濕35 ℃之樣本乾基含水率實測值與Newton模式預測值之比較75 圖4-15吸附除濕35 ℃之樣本乾基含水率實測值與修正Newton模式預測值之比較75 圖4-16去濕40 ℃二參數Henderson模式之預測殘差圖85 圖4-17去濕40 ℃二參數Chung-Pfost模式之預測殘差圖85 圖4-18去濕40 ℃二參數修正Haley模式之預測殘差圖86 圖4-19去濕40 ℃二參數Oswin模式之預測殘差圖86 圖4-20去濕40 ℃實測值與四個二參數模式之預測曲線88 圖4-21各溫階之去濕Oswin二參數模式之預測曲線89 圖4-22去濕三參數修正Henderson模式之預測殘差圖92 圖4-23去濕三參數修正Chung-Pfost模式之預測殘差圖92 圖4-24去濕三參數修正Halseyt模式之預測殘差圖93 圖4-25去濕三參數修正Oswin模式之預測殘差圖93 圖4-2620 ℃去濕之實測值與Oswin模式二及三參數模式之預測曲線圖96 圖4-2740 ℃去濕之實測值與Oswin模式二及三參數模式之預測曲線圖97 圖4-28烤箱熱風40 ℃不同乾燥層厚度之香蜂草清除ABTS.+陽離子自由基的能力隨時間之變化關係圖99 圖4-29烤箱熱風乾燥之香蜂草樣本清除ABTS.+陽離子自由基的能力隨時間之變化關係圖 99 圖4-30吸附除濕乾燥之香蜂草樣本清除ABTS.+陽離子自由基的能力隨時間之變化關係圖 100 圖4-31不同濃度trolox標準品清除ABTS.+陽離子自由基的能力隨時間之變化關係圖102 圖4-32不同濃度trolox標準品清除ABTS.+陽離子自由基的能力關係圖102 附 錄 圖 目 錄 附錄圖A1香蜂草乾燥成品圖121 附錄圖A2香蜂草乾燥成品圖(裝入保鮮袋密封後)121 附錄圖A3烤箱熱風50 ℃之樣本乾基含水率實測值與Newton模式預測值之比較圖122 附錄圖A4烤箱熱風50 ℃之樣本乾基含水率實測值與修正Newton模式預測值之比較圖122 附錄圖A5烤箱熱風60 ℃之樣本乾基含水率實測值與Newton模式預測值之比較圖123 附錄圖A6烤箱熱風60 ℃之樣本乾基含水率實測值與修正Newton模式預測值之比較圖123 附錄圖A7吸附除濕20 ℃之樣本乾基含水率實測值與Newton模式預測值之比較圖124 附錄圖A8吸附除濕20 ℃之樣本乾基含水率實測值與修正Newton模式預測值之比較圖124 附錄圖A9吸附除濕30 ℃之樣本乾基含水率實測值與Newton模式預測值之比較圖125 附錄圖A10 吸附除濕30 ℃之樣本乾基含水率實測值與修正Newton模式預測值之比較圖125 附錄圖A11 吸附除濕40 ℃之樣本乾基含水率實測值與Newton模式預測值之比較圖126 附錄圖A12 吸附除濕40 ℃之樣本乾基含水率實測值與修正Newton模式預測值之比較圖126 附錄圖A13 去濕20 ℃二參數Henderson模式之預測殘差圖127 附錄圖A14 去濕20 ℃二參數Chung-Pfost模式之預測殘差圖127 附錄圖A15 去濕20 ℃二參數修正Haley模式之預測殘差圖128 附錄圖A16 去濕20 ℃二參數Oswin模式之預測殘差圖128 附錄圖A17 去濕30 ℃二參數Henderson模式之預測殘差圖129 附錄圖A18 去濕30 ℃二參數Chung-Pfost模式之預測殘差圖129 附錄圖A19 去濕30 ℃二參數修正Haley模式之預測殘差圖130 附錄圖A20 去濕30 ℃二參數Oswin模式之預測殘差圖130 附錄圖A21 去濕35 ℃二參數Henderson模式之預測殘差圖131 附錄圖A22 去濕35 ℃二參數Chung-Pfost模式之預測殘差圖131 附錄圖A23 去濕35 ℃二參數修正Haley模式之預測殘差圖132 附錄圖A24 去濕35 ℃二參數Oswin模式之預測殘差圖132 附錄圖A25 去濕50 ℃二參數Henderson模式之預測殘差圖133 附錄圖A26 去濕50 ℃二參數Chung-Pfost模式之預測殘差圖133 附錄圖A27 去濕50 ℃二參數修正Haley模式之預測殘差圖134 附錄圖A28 去濕50 ℃二參數Oswin模式之預測殘差圖134 附錄圖A29 去濕60 ℃二參數Henderson模式預測殘差圖135 附錄圖A30 去濕60 ℃二參數Chung-Pfost模式之預測殘差圖135 附錄圖A31 去濕60 ℃二參數修正Haley模式之預測殘差圖136 附錄圖A32 去濕60 ℃二參數Oswin模式之預測殘差圖136 附錄圖A33 去濕20 ℃實測值與四個二參數模式之預測曲線137 附錄圖A34 去濕30 ℃實測值與四個二參數模式之預測曲線138 附錄圖A35 去濕35 ℃實測值與四個二參數模式之預測曲線139 附錄圖A36 去濕50 ℃實測值與四個二參數模式之預測曲線140 附錄圖A37 去濕60 ℃實測值與四個二參數模式之預測曲線141 附錄圖A38 30 ℃去濕之實測值與Oswin模式二及三參數模式之預測曲線圖142 附錄圖A39 35 ℃去濕之實測值與Oswin模式二及三參數模式之預測曲線圖143 附錄圖A40 50 ℃去濕之實測值與Oswin模式二及三參數模式之預測曲線圖144 附錄圖A41 60 ℃去濕之實測值與Oswin模式二及三參數模式之預測曲線圖14