Effect of the Extraction Technique, Heating Time and Cryogenic Grinding (N2 at -196°C) on the Composition of Cumin Seeds Volatile Oil

Two techniques of extraction of essential oils (Steam distillation assisted by microwave (SDAM) and hydrodistillation assisted by microwave (HDAM)) are respectively advanced steam distillation (SD) and hydrodistillation techniques (HD), in which a microwave oven is used in the extraction process. They are considered as accelerated techniques extraction performed at atmospheric pressure. The cryogrinding (CG) showed a difference on the yields and aromatic profile comparing to the sample grinding. Isolation and concentration of volatile compounds are performed by a single stage for the extraction of volatile oil from Algerian (Sahara) Cuminum cyminum seeds (CCS). The chemical composition of the essential oil of this plant as a function of extraction time was also studied. The major components and family classes showed a significant variation with the extraction time. Gas chromatography (GC), GCxGC-mass spectrometry (GCxGC-MS)] were utilised for qualitative and quantitative analysis of essential oils extracted by these two methods. The major compounds are cumin aldehyde (HDAM-CG: 20.50-53.35 %, SDAM-CG: 21.68 66.6 %), p-cymene (HDAM-CG: 14.1-37.54 %, SDAM-CG: 6.06-20.18 %), β-pinene (HDAM-CG: 4.53-14.74 %, SDAM-CG: 4.3-32.65 %) and γ-terpinene (HDAM-CG: 1.26-14.70 %, SDAM-CG: 5.13-18.23 %)