10 research outputs found

    Cerebrospinal fluid markers before and after shunting in patients with secondary and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aim of this study was to explore biochemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) induced by shunt surgery and the relationship between these changes and clinical improvement.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We measured clinical symptoms and analysed lumbar CSF for protein content, neurodegeneration and neurotransmission markers in patients with secondary (SNPH, n = 17) and idiopathic NPH (INPH, n = 18) before and 3 months after shunt surgery. Patients were divided into groups according to whether or not there was improvement in clinical symptoms after surgery.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Preoperatively, the only pathological findings were elevated neurofilament protein (NFL), significantly more so in the SNPH patients than in the INPH patients, and elevated albumin content. Higher levels of NFL correlated with worse gait, balance, wakefulness and neuropsychological performance. Preoperatively, no differences were seen in any of the CSF biomarkers between patients that improved after surgery and those that did not improve. Postoperatively, a greater improvement in gait and balance performance correlated with a more pronounced reduction in NFL. Levels of albumin, albumin ratio, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide and ganglioside GD3 increased significantly after shunting in both groups. In addition, Gamma amino butyric acid increased significantly in SNPH and tau in INPH.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We conclude that a number of biochemical changes occur after shunt surgery, but there are no marked differences between the SNPH and INPH patients. The results indicate that NFL may be a marker that can predict a surgically reversible state in NPH.</p

    Strengthening chemicals management in Best Available Techniques Reference Documents

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    On the EU level the main instrument to control industrial releases is the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED), particularly through the publication of BAT Reference documents (BREFs) and the corresponding key chapter, the BAT conclusions. The objective of the IED is to achieve a high level of environmental protection as a whole. This target can only be achieved when the BREFs include all chemicals and substances used in or potentially released from industrial processes, both the ones that have already been identified as hazardous and regulated, as well as the less known and non-regulated ones. At the centre of this report is the analysis of the information exchange under the IED, which results in BREFs and corresponding BAT conclusions. This report proposes how relevant information on chemicals used in or released from industrial processes can be more systematically addressed during BREF reviews. Special emphasis is given to possibilities to better use the available data generated in the context of other pertinent EU legislation such as REACH and POPs Regulation and Water Framework Directive (WFD). The HAZBREF project recommends further systemic cooperation and exchange of information between the European IPPC Bureau coordinating the BREF work and chemical experts from REACH, WFD and the POP convention community. To identify the hazardous chemicals relevant for a given industrial sector and to strengthen the measures to control them, BREF reviews require extended frontloading, systematic identification of chemicals and reinforcing the BREF Technical Working Group (TWG) with knowledge on chemicals. The HAZBREF project further recommends including a specific chapter on chemicals in all BREFs and BAT conclusions and proposes the key topics to be addressed. The proposals of this report seem to fall within a favourable political context with the recently published European Green Deal that defines a new policy framework requiring a deep transformation for the EU’s economy for a sustainable future. One of the key commitments of the EGD is the EU’s zero pollution ambition for a non-toxic environment, which is supported by the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability published in October 2020. The proposals made by the HAZBREF project would further strengthen the future BAT conclusions and support the IED in achieving the abovementioned EU policy objectives

    Promoting non-toxic material cycles in the preparation of Best Available Technique Reference Documents (BREFs)

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    The main instrument at the EU level to control industrial releases is the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED), particularly through the publication of BAT reference documents (BREFs) for industrial sectors, which include a BAT conclusions chapter setting a reference for permit conditions throughout the EU for IED installations. The EU action plan for the Circular Economy states that Circular Economy in industry will be promoted through the BREF documents, but so far this aspect is not reflected in concrete requirements in BREFs. The aim of this study is to provide input on how circular economy issues can be addressed in the BREFs in accordance with this new EU policy in order to facilitate recycling, reuse and improve the uptake of secondary raw materials. A general finding is that CE objectives cannot be reached by amending single regulatory frameworks and, instead, a systematic review of the whole regulatory system is required. IED and BREFs can promote CE objectives only to a limited extent, but, however, more can be done by making better use of the existing mechanisms in a systematic way. Many BREFs already include BATs on waste recovery and treatment, but requirements promoting non-toxic cycles should be more concrete than at present. For example, cross-contamination of waste materials should be prevented through requirements on source separation in BREFs. More emphasis could also be put on the practical implementation of waste hierarchy, which is the leading principle in supporting efficient material cycles. The traditional scope of IED and BREFs covers a single industrial installation from gate to gate, whereas the promotion of CE requires life cycle thinking and better connections to upstream and downstream processes. HAZBREF-project recommends introducing a BAT for chemical inventory in sectoral BREFs to support information on the chemical content of the products throughout the whole supply chain. Product requirements may limit the use of secondary raw materials and quantitative BATs (BAT-AEPLs) in BREF documents are rarely feasible, but increased information on possibilities to use secondary raw materials would support the recovery of waste and prevent waste generation

    Sectoral Guidance for Chemicals Management in the Surface treatment of metals and plastics Industry : HAZBREF-project Activity 4.1 report

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    Background The main instrument on EU level to control industrial releases is the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED), particularly through the publication of BAT reference documents (BREFs) and related BAT Conclusions, which is the reference for setting the permit conditions throughout EU for IED installations. However, the BREFs published so far do not contain adequate information on specific hazardous chemicals used and released from industry which makes the control difficult for the industry and the permitting and supervising authorities. One of the case sectors in the HAZBREF project is the surface treatment of metals and plastics (STM). This sector was chosen due to the use of chemicals, potential emissions, the wide range of products as well as technological processes and the upcoming STM BREF review. The other HAZBREF case sectors are textile industry and chemical industry which are addressed in separate reports. The lack of knowledge on the use and flow of specific hazardous chemicals in the industrial processes makes chemical control and reduction measures difficult. The problem is that often neither plant operators nor authorities know which substances are relevant to be treated and which handling measures are needed. Surface treatment of metals and plastics is covered by the STM BREF document, published in 2006. According to the last work programme of the EIPPCB the review of the EU STM BREF is planned to start in 2021. Purpose of the document This sectoral guidance contains information on uses of hazardous chemicals, the best practices in chemical management and recommendations on enhancing the permitting process in the STM sector. This document sums up the findings from HAZBREF project and is based on industrial case studies, interviews with authorities and expert judgment. The aim is to describe good practices in chemical management to be utilized by STM installations as well as environmental and chemical authorities. These include technical, organisational and management aspects and concrete tools supporting chemical management. The report addresses the STM sector as a whole in Europe, although the main part of the findings is generated from HAZBREF case installation and other experiences in the Baltic Sea Region. The document provides also general descriptions of BAT proposals related to management of hazardous chemicals and substances. These findings of the guidance will feed into in the forthcoming revision of the STM BREF. They are also to be used for HELCOM recommendations on how to reduce the discharge of hazardous substances into the Baltic Sea. Moreover, the document provides an overview of applicable legal requirements, procedures and other obligations of installation operators regarding use of chemicals and releases of hazardous substances. This includes guidance for tools to identify and assess relevant hazardous substances used and released from the STM installations. Main findings and proposals Improvement of chemical management system A Chemical Management System provides a systematic way of managing chemicals through the whole process on the site. Most of the companies have implemented quality management standards such as ISO 9000, ISO 14000, EMAS and integrated EHS programs which also address certain aspects of chemical management. The quality of chemical management systems in the companies differs depending on the scale of operation, ownership and awareness. Integration of good practices of chemical management within already implemented management systems strengthens the ability to reduce environmental risks. HAZBREF project strongly recommends the establishment and regular use of a chemical management system at IED installations. Development of a chemical inventory The establishment and maintenance of a chemical inventory is an importantprerequisite for effective and responsible chemicals management in the STMsector. All chemicals and raw materials along with information on their propertiesused in all processes and activities at the site should be listed in a database. Such adatabase is a key part of chemical management allowing for systematic riskassessment, management of chemicals flows and their storage.  The information in the chemical list/database must be searchable and should be updated regularly. Most of the information needed is available in the safety datasheets (SDS). If some information is missing from the SDS, the supplier should be asked to provide this. Good routines to handle new and updated SDSs are crucial to have an up to date and reliable chemical database. These routines should involve on-site handling and updates as well as communication with suppliers on how SDSs are delivered.  Well-managed chemical inventories can significantly simplify the environmental permit application process both for the operators and the permitting authorities. Better use of Chemical Management Tools and training of staf Numerous references and tools are available to support STM companies and competent authorities in implementing the good chemical management required in the IED. HAZBREF recommends that operators use proper tools for risk assessment and evaluation of the efficiency of chemical management. Use and improvement of risk assessment tools such as extended SDS and material flow analysis should be promoted among installation operators in this respect. The HAZBREF project has developed a comprehensive tool that helps the operators to identify the site-specific hazardous substances that should be considered in strategic and operational decisions. Awareness raising and training of staff in the use of chemical management tools and systems is crucial for implementation of good chemical management practices at the installations. Substitution A regular check aiming at identifying potentially new available and safer alternatives to the hazardous chemicals used is an important measure to minimise chemical risks at the installation. A successful substitution work can be performed in four stages: - Identification of hazardous substances - Screening for possible alternatives - Evaluation and choice of alternatives and Development of new alternatives. Substitution can be aimed for any hazardous chemical used at installation level where it is needed in order to protect environment or human health. However, regrettable substitution (i.e. move to use new chemical that is equally or more hazardous than the substituted chemical or results in cross-media effects) must be avoided. Assessment and improvement of SDS Efficient chemicals management requires high quality of the Safety Data Sheets (SDS). The SDS should sufficiently describe the chemical properties and include information about exposure (including use and emissions), eco-toxicology and proper storage and handling. A SDS must also contain information on whether the chemical product contains substances on the SVHC list, priority substances under the Water Framework Directive WFD and the POPs convention. In case a chemical supplier fails to provide a SDS of sufficient quality, it is the duty of both the operator and the competent authority to demand the missing information. This is already required by law in some countries, e.g. Germany. It is also important that the operators know how to extract and consolidate the relevant information from the SDS to their permit applications and verify the quality of different information sources. The development of an extended SDS including exposure scenarios and improved data on environmental effects would facilitate better risk assessment of individual chemicals used in specific processes. This would lead to more efficient monitoring and help focusing on substances of concern. Improved SDSs for raw materials with information on impurities or additives would facilitate more complete chemical inventories. Continuous improvement of BAT implementation  The implementation of BAT needs to be continuously monitored and improved at the installation considering site specific technological, economical and environmental aspects. The findings from Polish HAZBREF case studies is that fulfilment of BAT requirements can be challenging if all improvements need to be done in a short time period. For example, closed-loop systems are considered necessary additional process-integrated techniques that it is important to implementstep by step in the installations. Circular economy The STM sector is a significant user of non-renewable resources (metals), and recycling of recovered metal containing materials such as metal substrates orelectrolytes back to the process is good practice. Such recovery processes are widely used for basic metals, such as zinc, copper and nickel, which are used as valuable secondary raw materials SRM. High costs of recovery processes and high energy consumption as well as the variety of chemicals and metals used in STM processes often hinders recycling. In cases where recycling is not feasible, pretreatment of contaminated waste water on site and subsequent off-site treatment of generated metal containing sludges is standard practice. Permitting process Beside best practices in chemical management, the project also elaborated recommendations on enhancing the permitting process in the STM sector. It can be concluded that the existing general structure and content of the permit application procedures are as such sufficient to deal with hazardous substances and chemicals. Nevertheless, in practice the permit process could be improved with more communication between the applicant and the permitting authority during the application phase. More co-operation between chemical, environmental and occupational health authorities is suggested to achieve a smooth information flow and reduce double work regarding requirements under different legislations concerning chemicals and hazardous substances. In some countries, for example in Finland, the supervising practices in different parts of a given country need harmonising so that all installations are treated equally. This requires more and better communication between the respective environmental and chemical authorities within the country. The improved exchange of information and examples of good experiences between Member States would also, in the long run, contribute to more harmonised and better practices on European level.Bakgrund Det huvudsakliga instrumentet pĂ„ EU-nivĂ„ för att kontrollera utslĂ€pp frĂ„n industrin Ă€r industriutslĂ€ppsdirektivet (IED), sĂ€rskilt genom publicering av BATreferensdokument (BREF) och relaterade BAT-slutsatser, som Ă€r referensen för att faststĂ€lla tillstĂ„ndsvillkoren i hela EU för IED-verksamheter. De hittills publicerade BREF-dokumenten innehĂ„ller emellertid inte tillrĂ€ckligt med information om specifika farliga kemikalier som anvĂ€nds och slĂ€pps ut frĂ„n industrin vilket gör kontrollen svĂ„r för industrin och tillstĂ„nds- och tillsynsmyndigheterna. En av sektorerna som valts ut i HAZBREF-projektet Ă€r ytbehandling av metaller och plast (STM). Denna sektor valdes pĂ„ grund av anvĂ€ndningen av kemikalier, potentiella utslĂ€pp, det breda utbudet av produkter samt tekniska processer och den kommande STM BREF-revideringen. De andra sektorerna HAZBREF har fokuserat pĂ„ Ă€r textilindustri och kemisk industri, som behandlas i separata rapporter. Bristen pĂ„ kunskap om anvĂ€ndning och flöde av specifika farliga kemikalier i de industriella processerna gör det svĂ„rt att kontrollera och minska kemikalierna. Problemet Ă€r ofta att varken verksamhetsutövare eller myndigheter vet vilka Ă€mnen som Ă€r relevanta att Ă„tgĂ€rda och vilka skyddsĂ„tgĂ€rder som behöver vidtas. Ytbehandling av metaller och plast omfattas av STM BREF-dokumentet, som publicerades 2006. Enligt EIPPCB: s senaste arbetsprogram planeras revideringen av STM BREF att börja 2021. Dokumentets syfte Denna vĂ€gledning innehĂ„ller information om anvĂ€ndning av farliga kemikalier, bĂ€sta praxis inom kemikaliehantering och rekommendationer för att förbĂ€ttra tillstĂ„ndsprocessen inom STM-sektorn. Detta dokument sammanfattar resultaten frĂ„n HAZBREF-projektet och baseras pĂ„ fallstudier, intervjuer med myndigheter och expertbedömning. Syftet Ă€r att beskriva god praxis inom kemikaliehantering som ska anvĂ€ndas av STM-verksamheter samt miljö- och kemikaliemyndigheter. Dessa inkluderar tekniska, organisatoriska och hanteringsaspekter och konkreta verktyg som stöder kemikaliehantering. Rapporten behandlar STM-sektorn som helhet i Europa, Ă€ven om huvuddelen av resultaten hĂ€rrör frĂ„n verksamheter som har deltagit i fallstudierna och andra erfarenheter i Östersjöregionen. Dokumentet innehĂ„ller ocksĂ„ allmĂ€nna beskrivningar av BAT-förslag relaterade till hantering av farliga kemikalier och Ă€mnen. Dessa resultat i vĂ€gledningen kommer att ingĂ„ i den kommande revideringen av STM BREF. De kan vidare anvĂ€ndas för HELCOMrekommendationer om hur man kan minska utslĂ€ppen av farliga Ă€mnen i Östersjön Dessutom ger dokumentet en översikt över tillĂ€mpliga lagkrav, förfaranden och andra skyldigheter för verksamhetsutövare betrĂ€ffande anvĂ€ndning av kemikalier och utslĂ€pp av farliga Ă€mnen. Detta inkluderar vĂ€gledning för hur man kan identifiera och bedöma relevanta farliga Ă€mnen som anvĂ€nds och slĂ€pps ut frĂ„n STM-anlĂ€ggningarna. Huvudsakliga resultat och förslag FörbĂ€ttring av kemikaliehanteringssystemet Ett kemikaliehanteringssystem ger ett systematiskt sĂ€tt att hantera kemikalier genom hela processen pĂ„ anlĂ€ggningen. De flesta av företagen har implementerat olika standarder som ISO 9000, ISO 14000, EMAS och integrerade EHS-program som ocksĂ„ behandlar vissa aspekter av kemikaliehantering. Kvaliteten pĂ„ kemikaliehanteringssystem i företagen varierar beroende pĂ„ deras storlek, Ă€garförhĂ„llanden och medvetenhet. Integrering av god praxis för kemikaliehantering i redan implementerade ledningssystem stĂ€rker förmĂ„gan att minska miljörisker. HAZBREF-projektet rekommenderar upprĂ€ttande och regelbunden anvĂ€ndning av ett kemikaliehanteringssystem vid IED-verksamheter. Utveckling av en kemikalieinventering Att upprĂ€tta och underhĂ„lla en kemikalieinventering Ă€r en viktig förutsĂ€ttning för en effektiv och ansvarsfull kemikaliehantering inom STM-sektorn. Alla kemikalier och rĂ„varor som anvĂ€nds i alla processer och aktiviteter pĂ„ anlĂ€ggningen bör, tillsammans med information om deras egenskaper, listas i en databas. En sĂ„dan databas Ă€r en viktig del av kemikaliehanteringen och möjliggör systematisk riskbedömning, hantering av kemikalieflöden och lagring. Informationen i kemikalielistan/databasen mĂ„ste vara sökbar och bör uppdateras regelbundet. Merparten av den information som behövs finns i sĂ€kerhetsdatabladet (SDS). Om viss information saknas i sĂ€kerhetsdatabladet bör leverantören uppmanas att lĂ€mna denna. Bra rutiner för att hantera nya och uppdaterade sĂ€kerhetsdatablad Ă€r avgörande för att ha en uppdaterad och pĂ„litlig kemikaliedatabas. Dessa rutiner bör omfatta hantering och uppdateringar pĂ„ plats samt kommunikation med leverantörer om hur sĂ€kerhetsdatablad levereras. VĂ€lskötta kemikalielistor/databaser kan avsevĂ€rt förenkla ansökan om miljötillstĂ„nd för bĂ„de verksamhetsutövare och tillstĂ„ndsmyndigheter. BĂ€ttre anvĂ€ndning av verktyg för kemikaliehantering och utbildning av personal MĂ„nga referenser och verktyg finns tillgĂ€ngliga för att stödja STM-företag och behöriga myndigheter i genomförandet av den goda kemikaliehanteringen som krĂ€vs i IED. HAZBREF rekommenderar verksamhetsutövare att anvĂ€nda lĂ€mpliga verktyg för riskbedömning och utvĂ€rdering av kemikaliehanteringens effektivitet. AnvĂ€ndning och förbĂ€ttring av riskbedömningsverktyg som utökade sĂ€kerhetsdatablad och analys av materialflöden bör frĂ€mjas bland verksamhetsutövare i detta avseende. HAZBREF-projektet har utvecklat ett omfattande verktyg som hjĂ€lper verksamhetsutövarna att identifiera platsspecifika farliga Ă€mnen som bör beaktas i strategiska och operativa beslut. Att öka medvetenheten och att utbilda personal i anvĂ€ndningen av verktyg för kemikaliehantering och kemikaliehanteringssystem Ă€r avgörande för genomförandet av god kemikaliehanteringspraxis vid verksamheterna. Substitution En regelbunden kontroll som syftar till att identifiera potentiellt nya tillgĂ€ngliga och sĂ€krare alternativ till de farliga kemikalier som anvĂ€nds Ă€r en viktig Ă„tgĂ€rd för att minimera kemiska risker vid verksamheten. Ett framgĂ„ngsrikt substitutionsarbete kan utföras i fyra steg: - Identifiering av farliga Ă€mnen - Screening efter möjliga alternativ - UtvĂ€rdering och val av alternativ och Utveckling av nya alternativ. Substitution kan riktas mot alla farliga kemikalier som anvĂ€nds pĂ„ verksamheten dĂ€r det behövs för att skydda miljön eller mĂ€nniskors hĂ€lsa. Substitution som senare Ă„ngras (dvs. byta till att anvĂ€nda en ny kemikalie som Ă€r lika eller mer farlig Ă€n den substituerade kemikalien eller som resulterar i tvĂ€rmedieeffekter) mĂ„ste undvikas. Bedömning och förbĂ€ttring av sĂ€kerhetsdatablad Effektiv kemikaliehantering krĂ€ver hög kvalitet pĂ„ sĂ€kerhetsdatablad (SDS). SĂ€kerhetsdatabladet bör beskriva de kemiska egenskaperna tillrĂ€ckligt och innehĂ„lla information om exponering (inklusive anvĂ€ndning och utslĂ€pp), ekotoxikologi och korrekt lagring och hantering. Ett SDS mĂ„ste ocksĂ„ innehĂ„lla information om huruvida den kemiska produkten innehĂ„ller SVHC-Ă€mnen, prioriterade Ă€mnen enligt vattendirektivet WFD och POPs-konventionen. Om en kemikalieleverantör inte tillhandahĂ„ller ett sĂ€kerhetsdatablad av tillrĂ€cklig kvalitet Ă€r det bĂ„de verksamhetsutövaren och den behöriga myndighetens skyldighet att krĂ€va informationen som saknas. Detta krĂ€vs redan enligt lag i vissa lĂ€nder, t.ex. i Tyskland. Det Ă€r ocksĂ„ viktigt att verksamhetsutövarna vet hur man tar fram och sammanfattar relevant information frĂ„n sĂ€kerhetsdatabladet till sina tillstĂ„ndsansökningar och verifierar kvaliteten pĂ„ olika informationskĂ€llor. För att förbĂ€ttra riskbedömning av enskilda kemikalier, som anvĂ€nds i specifika processer, kan ett utökat sĂ€kerhetsdatablad inklusive exponeringsscenarier och förbĂ€ttrade data om miljöeffekter underlĂ€tta. Detta skulle leda till effektivare övervakning och hjĂ€lp med att fokusera pĂ„ Ă€mnen som Ă€r farliga. För att fĂ„ mer fullstĂ€ndiga kemikalieinventeringar kan förbĂ€ttrade sĂ€kerhetsdatablad för rĂ„varor med information om föroreningar eller tillsatser underlĂ€tta. Kontinuerlig förbĂ€ttring av implementeringen av BAT Implementeringen av BAT mĂ„ste kontinuerligt övervakas och förbĂ€ttras vid verksamheten med beaktande av platsspecifika tekniska, ekonomiska och miljöaspekter. Resultaten frĂ„n de polska HAZBREF-fallstudierna Ă€r att uppfyllandet av BAT-kraven kan vara utmanande om alla förbĂ€ttringar behöver göras pĂ„ kort tid. Till exempel anses slutna system vara nödvĂ€ndiga ytterligare processintegrerade tekniker som det Ă€r viktigt att implementera steg för steg i verksamheten. CirkulĂ€r ekonomi STM-sektorn Ă€r en betydande anvĂ€ndare av icke förnybara resurser (metaller), och Ă„tervinning av Ă„tervunna metallinnehĂ„llande material sĂ„som metallsubstrat eller elektrolyter tillbaka till processen Ă€r god praxis. SĂ„dana Ă„tervinningsprocesser anvĂ€nds ofta för basiska metaller, sĂ„som zink, koppar och nickel, som anvĂ€nds som vĂ€rdefulla sekundĂ€ra rĂ„varor (SRM). Höga kostnader för Ă„tervinningsprocesser och hög energianvĂ€ndning samt de mĂ„nga olika kemikalier och metaller som anvĂ€nds i STM-processer hindrar ofta Ă„tervinning. I de fall Ă„tervinning inte Ă€r möjlig Ă€r förbehandling av förorenat avloppsvatten pĂ„ plats och efterföljande behandling av genererat metallhaltigt slam praxis. TillstĂ„ndsprocessen Förutom bĂ€sta praxis inom kemikaliehantering utarbetades Ă€ven rekommendationer för att förbĂ€ttra tillstĂ„ndsprocessen inom STM-sektorn. Man kan dra slutsatsen att den befintliga allmĂ€nna strukturen och innehĂ„llet i tillstĂ„ndsansökningsförfarandena som sĂ„dana Ă€r tillrĂ€ckliga för att hantera farliga Ă€mnen och kemikalier. I praktiken kan tillstĂ„ndsprocessen Ă€ndĂ„ förbĂ€ttras med mer kommunikation mellan den sökande och tillstĂ„ndsmyndigheten under ansökningsfasen. Mer samarbete mellan kemikalie-, miljö- och arbetsmiljömyndigheterna föreslĂ„s för att uppnĂ„ ett smidigt informationsflöde och minska dubbelarbete avseende krav enligt olika lagstiftning om kemikalier och farliga Ă€mnen. I vissa lĂ€nder, till exempel i Finland, mĂ„ste praxis för tillsyn och övervakning i olika delar av landet harmoniseras sĂ„ att alla verksamheter behandlas lika. Detta krĂ€ver mer och bĂ€ttre kommunikation mellan miljö- och kemikaliemyndigheter i landet. Det förbĂ€ttrade informationsutbytet och exempel pĂ„ goda erfarenheter mellan medlemsstaterna skulle ocksĂ„ pĂ„ sikt bidra till mer harmoniserad och bĂ€ttre praxis pĂ„ europeisk nivĂ„

    Sectoral Guidance for Chemicals Management in the Surface treatment of metals and plastics Industry : HAZBREF-project Activity 4.1 report

    No full text
    Background The main instrument on EU level to control industrial releases is the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED), particularly through the publication of BAT reference documents (BREFs) and related BAT Conclusions, which is the reference for setting the permit conditions throughout EU for IED installations. However, the BREFs published so far do not contain adequate information on specific hazardous chemicals used and released from industry which makes the control difficult for the industry and the permitting and supervising authorities. One of the case sectors in the HAZBREF project is the surface treatment of metals and plastics (STM). This sector was chosen due to the use of chemicals, potential emissions, the wide range of products as well as technological processes and the upcoming STM BREF review. The other HAZBREF case sectors are textile industry and chemical industry which are addressed in separate reports. The lack of knowledge on the use and flow of specific hazardous chemicals in the industrial processes makes chemical control and reduction measures difficult. The problem is that often neither plant operators nor authorities know which substances are relevant to be treated and which handling measures are needed. Surface treatment of metals and plastics is covered by the STM BREF document, published in 2006. According to the last work programme of the EIPPCB the review of the EU STM BREF is planned to start in 2021. Purpose of the document This sectoral guidance contains information on uses of hazardous chemicals, the best practices in chemical management and recommendations on enhancing the permitting process in the STM sector. This document sums up the findings from HAZBREF project and is based on industrial case studies, interviews with authorities and expert judgment. The aim is to describe good practices in chemical management to be utilized by STM installations as well as environmental and chemical authorities. These include technical, organisational and management aspects and concrete tools supporting chemical management. The report addresses the STM sector as a whole in Europe, although the main part of the findings is generated from HAZBREF case installation and other experiences in the Baltic Sea Region. The document provides also general descriptions of BAT proposals related to management of hazardous chemicals and substances. These findings of the guidance will feed into in the forthcoming revision of the STM BREF. They are also to be used for HELCOM recommendations on how to reduce the discharge of hazardous substances into the Baltic Sea. Moreover, the document provides an overview of applicable legal requirements, procedures and other obligations of installation operators regarding use of chemicals and releases of hazardous substances. This includes guidance for tools to identify and assess relevant hazardous substances used and released from the STM installations. Main findings and proposals Improvement of chemical management system A Chemical Management System provides a systematic way of managing chemicals through the whole process on the site. Most of the companies have implemented quality management standards such as ISO 9000, ISO 14000, EMAS and integrated EHS programs which also address certain aspects of chemical management. The quality of chemical management systems in the companies differs depending on the scale of operation, ownership and awareness. Integration of good practices of chemical management within already implemented management systems strengthens the ability to reduce environmental risks. HAZBREF project strongly recommends the establishment and regular use of a chemical management system at IED installations. Development of a chemical inventory The establishment and maintenance of a chemical inventory is an importantprerequisite for effective and responsible chemicals management in the STMsector. All chemicals and raw materials along with information on their propertiesused in all processes and activities at the site should be listed in a database. Such adatabase is a key part of chemical management allowing for systematic riskassessment, management of chemicals flows and their storage.  The information in the chemical list/database must be searchable and should be updated regularly. Most of the information needed is available in the safety datasheets (SDS). If some information is missing from the SDS, the supplier should be asked to provide this. Good routines to handle new and updated SDSs are crucial to have an up to date and reliable chemical database. These routines should involve on-site handling and updates as well as communication with suppliers on how SDSs are delivered.  Well-managed chemical inventories can significantly simplify the environmental permit application process both for the operators and the permitting authorities. Better use of Chemical Management Tools and training of staf Numerous references and tools are available to support STM companies and competent authorities in implementing the good chemical management required in the IED. HAZBREF recommends that operators use proper tools for risk assessment and evaluation of the efficiency of chemical management. Use and improvement of risk assessment tools such as extended SDS and material flow analysis should be promoted among installation operators in this respect. The HAZBREF project has developed a comprehensive tool that helps the operators to identify the site-specific hazardous substances that should be considered in strategic and operational decisions. Awareness raising and training of staff in the use of chemical management tools and systems is crucial for implementation of good chemical management practices at the installations. Substitution A regular check aiming at identifying potentially new available and safer alternatives to the hazardous chemicals used is an important measure to minimise chemical risks at the installation. A successful substitution work can be performed in four stages: - Identification of hazardous substances - Screening for possible alternatives - Evaluation and choice of alternatives and Development of new alternatives. Substitution can be aimed for any hazardous chemical used at installation level where it is needed in order to protect environment or human health. However, regrettable substitution (i.e. move to use new chemical that is equally or more hazardous than the substituted chemical or results in cross-media effects) must be avoided. Assessment and improvement of SDS Efficient chemicals management requires high quality of the Safety Data Sheets (SDS). The SDS should sufficiently describe the chemical properties and include information about exposure (including use and emissions), eco-toxicology and proper storage and handling. A SDS must also contain information on whether the chemical product contains substances on the SVHC list, priority substances under the Water Framework Directive WFD and the POPs convention. In case a chemical supplier fails to provide a SDS of sufficient quality, it is the duty of both the operator and the competent authority to demand the missing information. This is already required by law in some countries, e.g. Germany. It is also important that the operators know how to extract and consolidate the relevant information from the SDS to their permit applications and verify the quality of different information sources. The development of an extended SDS including exposure scenarios and improved data on environmental effects would facilitate better risk assessment of individual chemicals used in specific processes. This would lead to more efficient monitoring and help focusing on substances of concern. Improved SDSs for raw materials with information on impurities or additives would facilitate more complete chemical inventories. Continuous improvement of BAT implementation  The implementation of BAT needs to be continuously monitored and improved at the installation considering site specific technological, economical and environmental aspects. The findings from Polish HAZBREF case studies is that fulfilment of BAT requirements can be challenging if all improvements need to be done in a short time period. For example, closed-loop systems are considered necessary additional process-integrated techniques that it is important to implementstep by step in the installations. Circular economy The STM sector is a significant user of non-renewable resources (metals), and recycling of recovered metal containing materials such as metal substrates orelectrolytes back to the process is good practice. Such recovery processes are widely used for basic metals, such as zinc, copper and nickel, which are used as valuable secondary raw materials SRM. High costs of recovery processes and high energy consumption as well as the variety of chemicals and metals used in STM processes often hinders recycling. In cases where recycling is not feasible, pretreatment of contaminated waste water on site and subsequent off-site treatment of generated metal containing sludges is standard practice. Permitting process Beside best practices in chemical management, the project also elaborated recommendations on enhancing the permitting process in the STM sector. It can be concluded that the existing general structure and content of the permit application procedures are as such sufficient to deal with hazardous substances and chemicals. Nevertheless, in practice the permit process could be improved with more communication between the applicant and the permitting authority during the application phase. More co-operation between chemical, environmental and occupational health authorities is suggested to achieve a smooth information flow and reduce double work regarding requirements under different legislations concerning chemicals and hazardous substances. In some countries, for example in Finland, the supervising practices in different parts of a given country need harmonising so that all installations are treated equally. This requires more and better communication between the respective environmental and chemical authorities within the country. The improved exchange of information and examples of good experiences between Member States would also, in the long run, contribute to more harmonised and better practices on European level.Bakgrund Det huvudsakliga instrumentet pĂ„ EU-nivĂ„ för att kontrollera utslĂ€pp frĂ„n industrin Ă€r industriutslĂ€ppsdirektivet (IED), sĂ€rskilt genom publicering av BATreferensdokument (BREF) och relaterade BAT-slutsatser, som Ă€r referensen för att faststĂ€lla tillstĂ„ndsvillkoren i hela EU för IED-verksamheter. De hittills publicerade BREF-dokumenten innehĂ„ller emellertid inte tillrĂ€ckligt med information om specifika farliga kemikalier som anvĂ€nds och slĂ€pps ut frĂ„n industrin vilket gör kontrollen svĂ„r för industrin och tillstĂ„nds- och tillsynsmyndigheterna. En av sektorerna som valts ut i HAZBREF-projektet Ă€r ytbehandling av metaller och plast (STM). Denna sektor valdes pĂ„ grund av anvĂ€ndningen av kemikalier, potentiella utslĂ€pp, det breda utbudet av produkter samt tekniska processer och den kommande STM BREF-revideringen. De andra sektorerna HAZBREF har fokuserat pĂ„ Ă€r textilindustri och kemisk industri, som behandlas i separata rapporter. Bristen pĂ„ kunskap om anvĂ€ndning och flöde av specifika farliga kemikalier i de industriella processerna gör det svĂ„rt att kontrollera och minska kemikalierna. Problemet Ă€r ofta att varken verksamhetsutövare eller myndigheter vet vilka Ă€mnen som Ă€r relevanta att Ă„tgĂ€rda och vilka skyddsĂ„tgĂ€rder som behöver vidtas. Ytbehandling av metaller och plast omfattas av STM BREF-dokumentet, som publicerades 2006. Enligt EIPPCB: s senaste arbetsprogram planeras revideringen av STM BREF att börja 2021. Dokumentets syfte Denna vĂ€gledning innehĂ„ller information om anvĂ€ndning av farliga kemikalier, bĂ€sta praxis inom kemikaliehantering och rekommendationer för att förbĂ€ttra tillstĂ„ndsprocessen inom STM-sektorn. Detta dokument sammanfattar resultaten frĂ„n HAZBREF-projektet och baseras pĂ„ fallstudier, intervjuer med myndigheter och expertbedömning. Syftet Ă€r att beskriva god praxis inom kemikaliehantering som ska anvĂ€ndas av STM-verksamheter samt miljö- och kemikaliemyndigheter. Dessa inkluderar tekniska, organisatoriska och hanteringsaspekter och konkreta verktyg som stöder kemikaliehantering. Rapporten behandlar STM-sektorn som helhet i Europa, Ă€ven om huvuddelen av resultaten hĂ€rrör frĂ„n verksamheter som har deltagit i fallstudierna och andra erfarenheter i Östersjöregionen. Dokumentet innehĂ„ller ocksĂ„ allmĂ€nna beskrivningar av BAT-förslag relaterade till hantering av farliga kemikalier och Ă€mnen. Dessa resultat i vĂ€gledningen kommer att ingĂ„ i den kommande revideringen av STM BREF. De kan vidare anvĂ€ndas för HELCOMrekommendationer om hur man kan minska utslĂ€ppen av farliga Ă€mnen i Östersjön Dessutom ger dokumentet en översikt över tillĂ€mpliga lagkrav, förfaranden och andra skyldigheter för verksamhetsutövare betrĂ€ffande anvĂ€ndning av kemikalier och utslĂ€pp av farliga Ă€mnen. Detta inkluderar vĂ€gledning för hur man kan identifiera och bedöma relevanta farliga Ă€mnen som anvĂ€nds och slĂ€pps ut frĂ„n STM-anlĂ€ggningarna. Huvudsakliga resultat och förslag FörbĂ€ttring av kemikaliehanteringssystemet Ett kemikaliehanteringssystem ger ett systematiskt sĂ€tt att hantera kemikalier genom hela processen pĂ„ anlĂ€ggningen. De flesta av företagen har implementerat olika standarder som ISO 9000, ISO 14000, EMAS och integrerade EHS-program som ocksĂ„ behandlar vissa aspekter av kemikaliehantering. Kvaliteten pĂ„ kemikaliehanteringssystem i företagen varierar beroende pĂ„ deras storlek, Ă€garförhĂ„llanden och medvetenhet. Integrering av god praxis för kemikaliehantering i redan implementerade ledningssystem stĂ€rker förmĂ„gan att minska miljörisker. HAZBREF-projektet rekommenderar upprĂ€ttande och regelbunden anvĂ€ndning av ett kemikaliehanteringssystem vid IED-verksamheter. Utveckling av en kemikalieinventering Att upprĂ€tta och underhĂ„lla en kemikalieinventering Ă€r en viktig förutsĂ€ttning för en effektiv och ansvarsfull kemikaliehantering inom STM-sektorn. Alla kemikalier och rĂ„varor som anvĂ€nds i alla processer och aktiviteter pĂ„ anlĂ€ggningen bör, tillsammans med information om deras egenskaper, listas i en databas. En sĂ„dan databas Ă€r en viktig del av kemikaliehanteringen och möjliggör systematisk riskbedömning, hantering av kemikalieflöden och lagring. Informationen i kemikalielistan/databasen mĂ„ste vara sökbar och bör uppdateras regelbundet. Merparten av den information som behövs finns i sĂ€kerhetsdatabladet (SDS). Om viss information saknas i sĂ€kerhetsdatabladet bör leverantören uppmanas att lĂ€mna denna. Bra rutiner för att hantera nya och uppdaterade sĂ€kerhetsdatablad Ă€r avgörande för att ha en uppdaterad och pĂ„litlig kemikaliedatabas. Dessa rutiner bör omfatta hantering och uppdateringar pĂ„ plats samt kommunikation med leverantörer om hur sĂ€kerhetsdatablad levereras. VĂ€lskötta kemikalielistor/databaser kan avsevĂ€rt förenkla ansökan om miljötillstĂ„nd för bĂ„de verksamhetsutövare och tillstĂ„ndsmyndigheter. BĂ€ttre anvĂ€ndning av verktyg för kemikaliehantering och utbildning av personal MĂ„nga referenser och verktyg finns tillgĂ€ngliga för att stödja STM-företag och behöriga myndigheter i genomförandet av den goda kemikaliehanteringen som krĂ€vs i IED. HAZBREF rekommenderar verksamhetsutövare att anvĂ€nda lĂ€mpliga verktyg för riskbedömning och utvĂ€rdering av kemikaliehanteringens effektivitet. AnvĂ€ndning och förbĂ€ttring av riskbedömningsverktyg som utökade sĂ€kerhetsdatablad och analys av materialflöden bör frĂ€mjas bland verksamhetsutövare i detta avseende. HAZBREF-projektet har utvecklat ett omfattande verktyg som hjĂ€lper verksamhetsutövarna att identifiera platsspecifika farliga Ă€mnen som bör beaktas i strategiska och operativa beslut. Att öka medvetenheten och att utbilda personal i anvĂ€ndningen av verktyg för kemikaliehantering och kemikaliehanteringssystem Ă€r avgörande för genomförandet av god kemikaliehanteringspraxis vid verksamheterna. Substitution En regelbunden kontroll som syftar till att identifiera potentiellt nya tillgĂ€ngliga och sĂ€krare alternativ till de farliga kemikalier som anvĂ€nds Ă€r en viktig Ă„tgĂ€rd för att minimera kemiska risker vid verksamheten. Ett framgĂ„ngsrikt substitutionsarbete kan utföras i fyra steg: - Identifiering av farliga Ă€mnen - Screening efter möjliga alternativ - UtvĂ€rdering och val av alternativ och Utveckling av nya alternativ. Substitution kan riktas mot alla farliga kemikalier som anvĂ€nds pĂ„ verksamheten dĂ€r det behövs för att skydda miljön eller mĂ€nniskors hĂ€lsa. Substitution som senare Ă„ngras (dvs. byta till att anvĂ€nda en ny kemikalie som Ă€r lika eller mer farlig Ă€n den substituerade kemikalien eller som resulterar i tvĂ€rmedieeffekter) mĂ„ste undvikas. Bedömning och förbĂ€ttring av sĂ€kerhetsdatablad Effektiv kemikaliehantering krĂ€ver hög kvalitet pĂ„ sĂ€kerhetsdatablad (SDS). SĂ€kerhetsdatabladet bör beskriva de kemiska egenskaperna tillrĂ€ckligt och innehĂ„lla information om exponering (inklusive anvĂ€ndning och utslĂ€pp), ekotoxikologi och korrekt lagring och hantering. Ett SDS mĂ„ste ocksĂ„ innehĂ„lla information om huruvida den kemiska produkten innehĂ„ller SVHC-Ă€mnen, prioriterade Ă€mnen enligt vattendirektivet WFD och POPs-konventionen. Om en kemikalieleverantör inte tillhandahĂ„ller ett sĂ€kerhetsdatablad av tillrĂ€cklig kvalitet Ă€r det bĂ„de verksamhetsutövaren och den behöriga myndighetens skyldighet att krĂ€va informationen som saknas. Detta krĂ€vs redan enligt lag i vissa lĂ€nder, t.ex. i Tyskland. Det Ă€r ocksĂ„ viktigt att verksamhetsutövarna vet hur man tar fram och sammanfattar relevant information frĂ„n sĂ€kerhetsdatabladet till sina tillstĂ„ndsansökningar och verifierar kvaliteten pĂ„ olika informationskĂ€llor. För att förbĂ€ttra riskbedömning av enskilda kemikalier, som anvĂ€nds i specifika processer, kan ett utökat sĂ€kerhetsdatablad inklusive exponeringsscenarier och förbĂ€ttrade data om miljöeffekter underlĂ€tta. Detta skulle leda till effektivare övervakning och hjĂ€lp med att fokusera pĂ„ Ă€mnen som Ă€r farliga. För att fĂ„ mer fullstĂ€ndiga kemikalieinventeringar kan förbĂ€ttrade sĂ€kerhetsdatablad för rĂ„varor med information om föroreningar eller tillsatser underlĂ€tta. Kontinuerlig förbĂ€ttring av implementeringen av BAT Implementeringen av BAT mĂ„ste kontinuerligt övervakas och förbĂ€ttras vid verksamheten med beaktande av platsspecifika tekniska, ekonomiska och miljöaspekter. Resultaten frĂ„n de polska HAZBREF-fallstudierna Ă€r att uppfyllandet av BAT-kraven kan vara utmanande om alla förbĂ€ttringar behöver göras pĂ„ kort tid. Till exempel anses slutna system vara nödvĂ€ndiga ytterligare processintegrerade tekniker som det Ă€r viktigt att implementera steg för steg i verksamheten. CirkulĂ€r ekonomi STM-sektorn Ă€r en betydande anvĂ€ndare av icke förnybara resurser (metaller), och Ă„tervinning av Ă„tervunna metallinnehĂ„llande material sĂ„som metallsubstrat eller elektrolyter tillbaka till processen Ă€r god praxis. SĂ„dana Ă„tervinningsprocesser anvĂ€nds ofta för basiska metaller, sĂ„som zink, koppar och nickel, som anvĂ€nds som vĂ€rdefulla sekundĂ€ra rĂ„varor (SRM). Höga kostnader för Ă„tervinningsprocesser och hög energianvĂ€ndning samt de mĂ„nga olika kemikalier och metaller som anvĂ€nds i STM-processer hindrar ofta Ă„tervinning. I de fall Ă„tervinning inte Ă€r möjlig Ă€r förbehandling av förorenat avloppsvatten pĂ„ plats och efterföljande behandling av genererat metallhaltigt slam praxis. TillstĂ„ndsprocessen Förutom bĂ€sta praxis inom kemikaliehantering utarbetades Ă€ven rekommendationer för att förbĂ€ttra tillstĂ„ndsprocessen inom STM-sektorn. Man kan dra slutsatsen att den befintliga allmĂ€nna strukturen och innehĂ„llet i tillstĂ„ndsansökningsförfarandena som sĂ„dana Ă€r tillrĂ€ckliga för att hantera farliga Ă€mnen och kemikalier. I praktiken kan tillstĂ„ndsprocessen Ă€ndĂ„ förbĂ€ttras med mer kommunikation mellan den sökande och tillstĂ„ndsmyndigheten under ansökningsfasen. Mer samarbete mellan kemikalie-, miljö- och arbetsmiljömyndigheterna föreslĂ„s för att uppnĂ„ ett smidigt informationsflöde och minska dubbelarbete avseende krav enligt olika lagstiftning om kemikalier och farliga Ă€mnen. I vissa lĂ€nder, till exempel i Finland, mĂ„ste praxis för tillsyn och övervakning i olika delar av landet harmoniseras sĂ„ att alla verksamheter behandlas lika. Detta krĂ€ver mer och bĂ€ttre kommunikation mellan miljö- och kemikaliemyndigheter i landet. Det förbĂ€ttrade informationsutbytet och exempel pĂ„ goda erfarenheter mellan medlemsstaterna skulle ocksĂ„ pĂ„ sikt bidra till mer harmoniserad och bĂ€ttre praxis pĂ„ europeisk nivĂ„
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