Öljykasvien sekaviljely luomutuotannossa

Sekaviljely eli kahden tai useamman viljelykasvin yhtäaikainen viljely samalla peltolohkolla on keino monipuolistaa viljelyä. Sillä voidaan tehostaa kasvutekijöiden hyödyntämistä sekä vähentää lannoitus- ja kasvinsuojelutarvetta. Öljykasveja viljellään valtaosin puhdaskasvustoina. Niiden sekaviljelyä voi toteuttaa esimerkiksi palkovilja-öljykasviseoksena tai kylvämällä syysrypsin jo keväällä kevätviljan tai palkoviljan aluskasviksi

Viljelytoimenpiteiden kannattavuuden arviointi Lohkotietopankkitietojen perusteella

Lohkotietopankki on ProAgria Keskusten Liiton ylläpitämä tietokanta, jonne on kerätty lohkokohtaistatietoa käytännön viljelmiltä vuodesta 2002 alkaen. Lohkotietopankkitiedot kattavat lohkokohtaisetviljelytiedot tehdyistä viljelytoimenpiteistä aina saavutettuun satoon ja laatuun sekä taloudellisiintunnuslukuihin saakka viljelykasveittain. Aineisto mahdollistaa niin tilakohtaisten, alueellisten kuinvaltakunnallisten vertailutietojen analysoinnin viljelyn kehittämiseksi sekä kannattavuuden jakilpailukyvyn parantamiseksi.Lohkotietopankista analysoitiin tietoa rehuohraviljelmiltä vuosilta 2003-2005viljelyvyöhykkeeltä 1. Tarkastelussa olivat rehuohran keskimääräinen sato lajikkeittain sekäkasvinsuojelun vaikutus satotasoon. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin sadon vaikutusta N-, P- ja Ktaseisiinsekä taloudelliseen kannattavuuteen. Tarkastelussa olivat keskimääräisen sadon saaneet tilat(3200 kg/ha) sekä yli 4500 kg/ha saaneet tilat.Kasvinsuojelun vaikutus saatavaan satoon vaihteli lajikkeittain merkitsevästi. Esimerkiksilajikkeella 'Annabell' sato oli yli 1530 kg/ha parempi tauti- ja laontorjunnan saaneilla lohkoilla kuinkäsittelemättömillä lohkoilla, kun taas lajikkeella 'Saana' sato oli 690 kg/ha parempi tautitorjunnansaaneilla lohkoilla, mutta 70 kg/ha alempi laontorjunnan saaneilla lohkoilla verrattunakäsittelemättömiin lohkoihin.Satotason vaikutus N-, P-, ja K-taseisiin oli selkeä. Sadon noustessa yli 4500 kg/ha taseluvutlaskivat huomattavasti. Keskimääräisellä satotasolla N -tase oli keskimäärin 40 kg/ha, P-tase 3 kg/haja K-tase 7 kg/ha. Sadon ollessa yli 4500 kg/ha N-tase oli 8 kg/ha, P-tase -4 kg/ha ja K - tase -6 kg/ha.Korkean sadon saaneet tilat olivat käyttäneet typpeä lannoituksessa noin 7 kg enemmän kuinkeskimääräisen sadon saaneet tilat. Fosfori ja kaliumlannoituksessa ei ollut merkitsevää eroa.Satotaso vaikutti tilojen taloudelliseen tulokseen. Muuttuvat kustannukset olivat yli 4500 kg:nhehtaarisadoilla noin 40 euroa korkeammat kuin keskimääräisen sadon tiloilla. Erot muuttuvissakustannuksissa johtuivat erityisesti korkeammista kasvinsuojelu- ja siemenkustannuksista. Kuitenkintarkasteltaessa katetuotto A:ta ilman tukia, taloudellinen tulos oli 3200 kg/ha saaneilla tiloilla noin 140euroa pienempi.Lohkotietopankkiaineiston perusteella voidaan havaita, että hyvän satotason ja taloudellisentuloksen saaminen edellyttää lajikeominaisuuksien tuntemista, tarpeenmukaista kasvinsuojelua sekäoikein ajoitettuja viljelytoimia. Pellon kasvukunto, sääolot sekä viljelijöiden osaaminen vaikuttavatlisäksi kasvinviljelystä saatavaan satoon, ravinnekuormitukseen sekä taloudelliseen tulokseen

Reliability of Instruments Measuring At-Risk and Problem Gambling Among Young Individuals : A Systematic Review Covering Years 2009-2015

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Flaxseed Ingestion Alters Ratio of Enterolactone Enantiomers in Human Serum

Enterolactone (EL) is an enterolignan found in human subjects. In this pilot study, the enantiomeric ratios of serum EL were determined in serum from healthy adults during consumption of habitual diet, and after an 8-day supplementation with flaxseed (25 g/day). (−)EL dominated in all serum samples collected during habitual diet consumption. However, the ratio of (−)EL and (+)EL enantiomers differed markedly between individuals. Flaxseed ingestion increased significantly the proportion of (+)EL in all subjects. Moreover, a small but significant increase in serum (−)EL concentration was measured. After flaxseed ingestion, (−)EL concentrations correlated with those of (+)EL suggesting that the stereochemistry of the parent plant lignan in flaxseed is not a major determinant of EL formation in human subjects. Comparison of EL concentrations obtained with the validated chromatographic methods (HPLC-MS/MS, HPLC-CEAD, and GC-MS) and the time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) revealed that the immunoassay method underestimates human serum EL concentrations after the flaxseed ingestion

Treating gambling disorder with as needed administration of intranasal naloxone : a pilot study to evaluate acceptability, feasibility and outcomes

Correction:Background and aim There is growing interest in the use of medication-assisted treatments for gambling disorder (GD). Opioid receptor antagonists are hypothesised to blunt the craving associated with gambling. This study was designed to assess the feasibility of using an intranasal naloxone spray to treat GD. Design An 8-week, open-label, uncontrolled pilot study. Setting A single study site in the capital region of Finland. Subjects Twenty problem gamblers (nine men) were randomised into two groups. Group A (n=10) took one dose into one nostril (2mg naloxone), as needed, with a maximum of 4 doses/day (max. 8mg/day). Group B (n=10) took one dose into each nostril (4mg naloxone) as needed, with a maximum of 4 doses/day (max. 16mg/day). Intervention Naloxone hydrochloride nasal spray. Measures Acceptability and feasibility of the intervention were assessed. Use of study medication, adverse events, gambling frequency and gambling expenditure were recorded in a mobile diary. Problem gambling: South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and alcohol use: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test were recorded. Results Study completion rate was 90%. Acceptability and feasibility scores were high. Group B used intranasal naloxone more frequently than group A, and consequently used more naloxone. No serious adverse events were reported. The postintervention SOGS scores were lower (median=4 (IQR=3.75) versus preintervention scores (median=12 (IQR=4.75)). Depressive symptoms were reduced during the trial (preintervention BDI median=9, IQR=9vs postintervention BDI median=6, IQR=6). Conclusions The acceptability and feasibility of using intranasal naloxone were high, and no serious adverse events were reported. Preliminary results suggest mixed results in terms of gambling behaviour (ie, reduced frequency but not expenditure) and decreased depressive symptoms. Trial registration number EudraCT2016-001828-56Peer reviewe

Median Nerve Shear Wave Elastography is Associated With the Neurophysiological Severity of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Objectives: This study examines the associations between the median nerve (MN) shear wave elastography (SWE), the MN cross-sectional area (CSA), patient's symptoms, and the neurophysiological severity of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The most appropriate site to perform SWE was also tested. Methods: This prospective study comprised 86 wrists of 47 consecutive patients who volunteered for MN ultrasound after an electrodiagnostic study. The neurophysiological severity of CTS was assessed according to the results of a nerve conduction study (NCS). The MN CSA was measured at the carpal tunnel inlet (wCSA) and the forearm (fCSA). SWE was performed on the MN in a longitudinal orientation at the wrist crease (wSWE), at the forearm (fSWE), and within the carpal tunnel (tSWE). Results: The wCSA and wSWE correlated positively with the neurophysiological severity of CTS (r =.619, P <.001; r =.582, P <.001, respectively). The optimal cut-off values to discriminate the groups with normal NCS and with findings indicating CTS were 10.5 mm2 for the wCSA and 4.12 m/s for the wSWE. With these cut-off values, wCSA had a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 87% and wSWE a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 76%. Neither tSWE nor fSWE correlated with the neurophysiological severity of CTS or differed between NCS negative and positive groups (P =.429, P =.736, respectively). Conclusion: Shear wave velocity in the MN at the carpal tunnel inlet increases in CTS and correlates to the neurophysiological CTS severity equivalently to CSA measured at the same site.Peer reviewe

Heterogeneous Risk Perceptions : The Case of Poultry Meat Purchase Intentions in Finland

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Developments and opportunities in fungal strain engineering for the production of novel enzymes and enzyme cocktails for plant biomass degradation

Fungal strain engineering is commonly used in many areas of biotechnology, including the production of plant biomass degrading enzymes. Its aim varies from the production of specific enzymes to overall increased enzyme production levels and modification of the composition of the enzyme set that is produced by the fungus. Strain engineering involves a diverse range of methodologies, including classical mutagenesis, genetic engineering and genome editing. In this review, the main approaches for strain engineering of filamentous fungi in the field of plant biomass degradation will be discussed, including recent and not yet implemented methods, such as CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and adaptive evolution.Peer reviewe