The First Spanish Short Wave Stations. Development of Radio & Tv Technology

In the thirties in Spain there were three big Short Wave Stations. One, belonging to Transradio Española in Aranjuez, 50 kilometers south of Madrid, which rendered radiotelegraphic services to the Canary Islands, Europe and America. Another, belonging to the Sociedad Anónima Radio Argentina (via Radiar), in Vallecas, on the outskirts of Madrid, also rendered radiotelegraphic services. The third belonged to the company Telefónica Nacional de España (CTNE), in Pozuelo del Rey, 50 kilometers east of Madrid provided radiotelephonic services to New York and Buenos Aires. In 1932, Aranjuez started broadcasting the programming of “EAQ-Madrid Radiodifusion Iberoamericana” directed to Spanish speaking countries. During the Civil War it became the Spanish Republican overseas broadcasting station. However, in 1937 as a result of the Battle of Jarama, Aranjuez became cut off from Madrid and the transmissions and call signs were transferred to the Vallecas transmitter EDZ using the call-sign EAQ-2

The “Turbulent World Economy” and Industrial Development Strategy in the Philippines

This article is presented before the 19th Annual Meeting of the Philippine Economic Society at the Manila Hotel on December 11, 1982. This article argues that in contrast with the industrial and trade policies in the past two decades that have promoted inward-looking industrial development, 1970s have witnessed significant improvement in the incentive structure for exports. Hence, the country has experienced an export growth, which decelerated on the onset of 1980s. It has been emphasized that the culprit can be the intensive protectionism during the period. This article determines the underlying reasons of and proposes solutions to the laggard movement of the Philippine industrial economy.stabilization program, ASEAN, industrial policies, export commodities

Economic growth and poverty reduction in Indochina: lessons from East Asia

Differences and similarities in the development paths taken by six East Asian economies (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, South Korea, and Taiwan) provide a fertile ground for policy analysis from which important lessons are drawn and major challenges identified for the Indochinese transitional economies (ITEs for short, including Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Viet Nam, and China) in advancing the twin objectives of economic growth and poverty reduction. The paper first examines the comparative growth performance of these two groups of Asian economies over the period 1970-1997, describes the significant features of transition and development in the ITEs, and analyzes the relationship between development performance and policies among the East Asian countries. The following major policy challenges for ITEs are discussed towards the end of the paper: (1) sustaining reform efforts toward market orientation; (2) promoting broad-based agricultural growth; (3) supporting labor-intensive, export-oriented industries; (4) dealing with macroeconomic imbalances; and (5) building a strong financial system.East Asia Economic conditions., Poverty., Exports East Asia., Agricultural development., Vietnam, Viet Nam,

The 1981-85 Tariff Changes and Effective Protection of Manufacturing Industries

This article assesses the impact of the ongoing tariff reform on effective protection rate (EPR) in the manufacturing sector given that the scheduled tariff rate changes will be fully implemented. Tariff levels of the Philippines and other ASEAN countries during 1970s are compared. It also briefly describes the nature of Philippine tariff rate changes scheduled for 1980-1985. Estimation of sectoral EPR and its analysis are also provided.tariff, trade sector, manufacturing sector, effective protection rate, ASEAN, export commodities, trade policies, ASEAN tariffs

The 1981-85 Tariff Changes and Effective Protection of Manufacturing Industries

This article assesses the impact of the ongoing tariff reform on effective protection rate (EPR) in the manufacturing sector given that the scheduled tariff rate changes will be fully implemented. Tariff levels of the Philippines and other ASEAN countries during 1970s are compared. It also briefly describes the nature of Philippine tariff rate changes scheduled for 1980-1985. Estimation of sectoral EPR and its analysis are also provided.tariff, trade sector, manufacturing sector, effective protection rate, ASEAN, export commodities, trade policies, ASEAN tariffs

General Equilibrium Effects of Increasing Productivity in Philippine Manufacturing, with Special Reference to Food Processing

This article quantitatively investigates the economy-wide effects of increasing productivity in the following Philippine industrial sectors: food manufactures, light manufactures, consumer goods manufactures and capital goods manufacture. Using computable general equilibrium to emphasize sectoral linkages, results indicate lower domestic price and higher output as benefits of productivity in the sector.industry sector, manufacturing sector, computable general equilibrium (CGE)

Agriculture-based development

As in most low-income countries, the majority of the poor population in Viet Nam is found in rural areas, where agriculture provides the primary means of livelihood. It has been argued that an agriculture-based development (ABD) strategy is more appropriate for Viet Nam at the present time than both import-substitution and export-led industrialization, considering its effectiveness in generating income opportunities, directly and indirectly, for the rural population. Under the ABD strategy, increased public resources allocated to agriculture and the rural sector would lead to rising agricultural productivity and rural income that in turn would create a strong demand for increased nonagricultural production in the local economy, especially of labor-intensive industrial goods and services. It is in effect a decentralized, employment-generating industrialization strategy that can lead to favorable outcomes in overall income growth and distribution. The Central Region in Viet Nam is the least developed among the three macro-regions, the rapid economic expansion during the 1990s having been concentrated in the southern and northern areas. Because Central Viet Nam is even more heavily agricultural than the rest of the country, the argument for adopting an ABD strategy would seem to apply with greater force. In this paper we make use of SAM (social accounting matrix)multiplier analysis in examining quantitatively the comparative economy-wide repercussions of exogenous income increases in agriculture (such as that arising from productivity growth) in Central Viet Nam, paying particular attention to the effects on overall income growth and equity. The equity impact is evaluated in terms of the induced relative changes on the incomes of four households groups distinguished in the study. Some policy implications of the results are discussed, emphasizing the role of macroeconomic policies in helping promote equitable growth in Central Viet Nam.Industrialization Viet Nam. ,Macroeconomics Viet Nam. ,Income Viet Nam. ,Rural population. ,Production economics ,TMD ,

The Recent Recession and Rising Protectionism in Developed Countries: Some Thoughts on the ASEAN Economies

This paper has been presented at the Southeast Asia Program luncheon seminar in Cornell University, Ithaca, New York on April 11, 1985. Analysis suggests that bilateral trade grow rapidly during 1962-1981. To realize the country’s full potential, internal barriers and trade regime prove to be an important areas of concentration.trade sector, General Agreement on Tariff and Trade, ASEAN, recession, protectionism

The “Turbulent World Economy” and Industrial Development Strategy in the Philippines

This article is presented before the 19th Annual Meeting of the Philippine Economic Society at the Manila Hotel on December 11, 1982. This article argues that in contrast with the industrial and trade policies in the past two decades that have promoted inward-looking industrial development, 1970s have witnessed significant improvement in the incentive structure for exports. Hence, the country has experienced an export growth, which decelerated on the onset of 1980s. It has been emphasized that the culprit can be the intensive protectionism during the period. This article determines the underlying reasons of and proposes solutions to the laggard movement of the Philippine industrial economy.stabilization program, ASEAN, industrial policies, export commodities