Scholasticity in Micro-economics: is Elimination Possible? Схоластичность в microeconomics: возможно ли элиминирование?

The article conducts analysis of main provisions of the modern training course of micro-economics from the point of view of a possibility of their practical use in the process of economic activity. It shows scholasticity of marginalistic methods of identification of a rational customer choice and optimal number of production resources used by a firm. It considers and assesses possibilities of overcoming the said shortcoming by means of specification of some categories and practical adaptation of the indicator, which characterises efficiency of production resources. It draws and justifies the conclusion that efforts of elimination of manifestations of scholasticity in the modern micro-economics, based on marginalistic concept of economic analysis, cannot deliver the desired output.<br>Проведен анализ основных положений современного учебного курса микроэкономики с точки зрения возможности их практического использования в процессе хозяйственной деятельности. Показана схоластичность маржиналистской методики определения рационального потребительского выбора и оптимального количества производственных ресурсов, используемых фирмой. Рассмотрены и оценены возможности преодоления указанного недостатка путем уточнения некоторых категорий и практической адаптации показателя, характеризующего отдачу производственных ресурсов. Сделан и обоснован вывод о том, что попытки элиминирования проявлений схоластичности в современной микроэкономике, базирующейся на маржиналистской концепции экономического анализа, не могут дать желаемого результата

Change of AOX1a Expression, Encoding Mitochondrial Alternative Oxidase, Influence on the Frost-Resistance of Arabidopsis Plants

The resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh (Columbia ecotype) plants: Col-0 line (wild type), AS-12 line (plants transformed with the construct carrying the AOX1a gene under control of the CAMV 35S promoter in the antisense orientation) and line XX-2 (plants transformed with the AOX1a gene construct in the sense orientation) (Umbach et al., 2005), to action of subzero temperature has been studied. It is shown that change of the AOX1a expression is accompanied by change of the AOX contribution in respiration and increase of the base frost-resistance of Arabidopsis plants. In the leaves of plants with overexpression of АОХ1а was reduced activity of total superoxide dismutase (SOD), but was increased activity of guaiacol peroxidase and was less content of hydrogen peroxide. It was found that cold hardening during 7 days at 5°C increases the resistance of plants to the subsequent action of subzero temperature regardless of АОХ1а expression degree. The hardening lead to activation of respiration, increase of the contribution of AOX in the respiration, a significant increase of the water-soluble carbohydrates content and increase of the activity SOD and total guaiacol peroxidases in leaves of all lines the plants. In hardened plants of Arabidopsis wild type and AOX1a transformants were detected differences in the contents of individual types of reactive oxygen species and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The trend to decrease of hydrogen peroxide content in lines with altered expression of AOX1a was observed, but content of superoxide anion radical (SAR) was significantly lower in the AS-12 line compared with the Col-0 and XX-2 plants after hardening. The low content of SAR in leaves of AS-12 line was partly caused by increase of activity total SOD. Thus, we have identified differences in the basic frost-resistance of Arabidopsis plants with altered AOX1a expression, but significant differences in frost-resistance of hardened plants of wild-type and lines with altered AOX1a expression was not found. It was concluded that the frost-resistance of plants depends on the activity of AOX, but the decrease of its activity can be compensated by the activation of other protective systems including antioxidant enzymes

Повышенные температуры вызывают образование АФК и нарушения дыхания в клетках суспензионной культуры Saccharum officinarum

High temperatures are important abiotic stressors affecting plant growth, development and productivity. One of the consequences of unfavourable temperature effects on plants is an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, what role ROS will play in the further fate of the cell under temperature stress depends on many external and internal factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the relationship between ROS content and mitochondrial function in the cells of a Saccharum officinarum suspension culture under high temperatures. The work was carried out using fluorescence microscopy and the polarographic analysis method. We found the most significant increase in ROS content in S. officinarum cells during temperature treatments (that did not cause immediate cell death in culture) was at 45 and 50 °C. The ROS content was largely determined by mitochondrial activity, as evidenced by a decrease in the electrochemical potential on the inner mitochondrial membrane (ΔΨm), and a simultaneous decrease of ROS levels in cells under the carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine (CCCP) treatment. The decrease in the respiratory activity of cells under high temperatures was determined by the decrease of the cytochrome pathway (CP) contribution. It should be noted that the reduction in respiration rate at a temperature of 50 °C preceded the death of cells in the culture, and was not a consequence of itВысокие температуры являются важными абиотическими стрессорами, влияющими на рост, развитие и продуктивность растений. Увеличение образования активных форм кислорода (АФК) – одно из последствий их негативного влияния. Однако то, какую роль сыграют АФК в дальнейшей судьбе клетки в условиях температурного стресса, зависит от множества внутренних и внешних факторов. Таким образом, целью данной работы стало выявление взаимосвязи между содержанием АФК и функционированием митохондрий в клетках суспензионной культуры Saccharum officinarum при действии повышенных температур. Данное исследование проводилось с использованием флуоресцентной микроскопии и полярографического анализа. Было обнаружено, что температуры 45 и 50 °C вызывают значительное увеличение содержания АФК в клетках S. officinarum, что, тем не менее, не приводит к немедленной гибели клеток в культуре. Содержание АФК во многом определялось активностью митохондрий, о чем свидетельствует снижение электрохимического потенциала на внутренней митохондриальной мембране (ΔΨm) и одновременное снижение уровня АФК в клетках при обработке карбонилцианид-м- фенилгидразоном (СССР). Уменьшение дыхательной активности в клетках при высокотемпературном воздействии было обусловлено снижением вклада цитохромного пути (ЦП). Следует отметить, что снижение скорости дыхания при температуре 50 °C предшествовало гибели клеток в культуре, а не было ее следствие