Single layer and multilayer vacuum-arc coatings based on the nitride tialsiyn: composition, structure, properties

Using high-technological vacuum-arc evaporation in the atmosphere of nitrogen with ion bombardment, single- and multilayer coatings based on TiAlSiYN with high mechanical characteristics were obtained: hardness of the coatings reached 49.5 GPA, resistance to wear, with the value of the critical point LC5 reaching 184.92 N. The mechanisms of structure formation, defining the resulting mechanical characteristics of single- and multi-layer coatings based on TiAlSiYN nitride have been discusse

(TiZr)N/(TiSi)N Maitilayer nanostructured coatings obtained by vacuum arc deposition

The paper investigates the structure and properties of nanoscale multilayer coatings based on (TiZr)N and (TiSi)N produced by vacuum arc technique. Also, it provides an analysis of the impact of partial pressure of nitrogen on structural and phase state of coating

Tribotechnical properties of (TiZr)N/(TiSi)N multilayer coatings with nanometer thickness

The tribotechnical characteristics of (TiZr)N/(TiSi)N nitride multilayer coatings obtained by the meth-od of vacuum-arc deposition at room temperature were investigate

Structure and properties of vacuum arc single-layer and multiperiod two-layer nitride coatings based on Ti(Al): Si layers

The paper provides an analysis of impact of deposition conditions on structural and phase state and thermal stability of vacuum arc coatings based on Ti(Al):Si layer

Structure and mechanical properties of multilayer coatings (TiAlCrY)N/ZrN

The development of new coatings for cutting tools as well as for the protection of machine parts operating in conditions of intense wear, elevated temperatures and in aggressive environments is an important task of modern materials scienc

Structure and physicomechanical properties of superhard multicomponent multilayer (TiAlСrY/Zr)/(TiAlСrYN/ZrN) coatings with double modulation period of the structure

The paper describes the acquisition, establishment of mechanisms and patterns of formation of the phase composition and structure of multilayer coatings of the (TiAlСrY)N/ZrN system with a single and of the (TiAlCrY/Zr)/(TiAlСrY)N/ZrN systems with a double modulation period by vacuum-arc depositio

The influence of cytosolic phosphorylating glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC) on potato tuber metabolism

The aim of this work was to investigate the importance of cytosolic phosphorylating glyceralclehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC) in potato carbohydrate metabolism. For this purpose, the cytosolic isoform of phosphorylating GAPC was cloned and used for an antisense approach to generate transgenic potato plants that exhibited constitutively decreased GAPDH activity. Potato lines with decreased activities of phosphorylating GAPC exhibited no major changes in either whole-plant or tuber morphology. However, the levels of 3-phosphoglycerate were decreased in leaves of the transformants. A broad metabolic phenotyping of tubers from the transformants revealed an increase in sucrose and UDPgiucose content, a decrease in the glycolytic intermediates 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate but little change in the levels of other metabolites. Moreover, the transformants displayed no differences in cold sweetening with respect to the wild type. Taken together these data suggest that phosphorylating GAPC plays only a minor role in the regulation of potato metabolism. The results presented here are discussed in relation to current models regarding primary metabolism in the potato tuber parenchyma

Effect of surface pre-treatment on adhesive strength of multi-component vacuum-arc coatings

The results of investigations of multi-component nanostructured coatings of (TiAlSiY)N/CrN type are presented. The influence of different variants of substrate surface pretreatment on adhesive strength and hardness of coatings was studied. Pre-treatment of samples was carried out in plasma of two-stage gas discharge according to various technological schemes. Except for ion-plasma purification, some samples were pretreated with a sublayer of chromium within 5 minutes. The coatings were formed by a vacuumarc deposition method at simultaneous spraying of two cathode target

A reevaluation of the key factors that influence tomato fruit softening and integrity

The softening of fleshy fruits, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), during ripening is generally reported to result principally from disassembly of the primary cell wall and middle lamella. However, unsuccessful attempts to prolong fruit firmness by suppressing the expression of a range of wall-modifying proteins in transgenic tomato fruits do not support such a simple model. 'Delayed Fruit Deterioration' (DFD) is a previously unreported tomato cultivar that provides a unique opportunity to assess the contribution of wall metabolism to fruit firmness, since DFD fruits exhibit minimal softening but undergo otherwise normal ripening, unlike all known nonsoftening tomato mutants reported to date. Wall disassembly, reduced intercellular adhesion, and the expression of genes associated with wall degradation were similar in DFD fruit and those of the normally softening 'Ailsa Craig'. However, ripening DFD fruit showed minimal transpirational water loss and substantially elevated cellular turgor. This allowed an evaluation of the relative contribution and timing of wall disassembly and water loss to fruit softening, which suggested that both processes have a critical influence. Biochemical and biomechanical analyses identified several unusual features of DFD cuticles and the data indicate that, as with wall metabolism, changes in cuticle composition and architecture are an integral and regulated part of the ripening program. A model is proposed in which the cuticle affects the softening of intact tomato fruit both directly, by providing a physical support, and indirectly, by regulating water status