Electrodynamics of Media

Contains reports on one research project.Joint Services Electronics Programs (U.S. Army, U. S. Navy, and U. S. Air Force) under Contract DA 28-043-AMC-02536(E)U. S. Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories Contract F19628-70-C-006

Prediction of Creep in Plywood Part I. Prediction Models for Creep in Plywood

Three models for predicting creep in plywood from measured constituent properties were formulated using phenomenological linear viscoelastic theory. The three models represent a one-dimensional, quasi-elastic solution, a two-dimensional, quasi-elastic solution, and a two-dimensional, viscoelastic solution. In part II of this study, the models will be used to compute the principal components of the two-dimensional creep compliance tensor for plywood and will show that predictions of creep behavior based on all three solutions give similar results. The most accurate prediction of parallel and perpendicular creep was made with the one-dimensional model

Negative differential Rashba effect in two-dimensional hole systems

We demonstrate experimentally and theoretically that two-dimensional (2D) heavy hole systems in single heterostructures exhibit a \emph{decrease} in spin-orbit interaction-induced spin splitting with an increase in perpendicular electric field. Using front and back gates, we measure the spin splitting as a function of applied electric field while keeping the density constant. Our results are in contrast to the more familiar case of 2D electrons where spin splitting increases with electric field.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures. To appear in AP

Electrodynamics of Media

Contains reports on two research projects.Joint Services Electronics Programs (U.S. Army, U. S. Navy, and U. S. Air Force) under Contract DAAB07-71-C-0300U.S. Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories Contract Fl9628-70-C-0064M. I. T. Sloan Fund for Basic Research (Grant 616

Investigating perceptions and support for transparency and openness in research: Using card sorting in a pilot study with academic librarians

This paper explores the role of academic librarians as advocates for research transparency and open research. We describe the design and piloting of a qualitative card-sorting research protocol that investigates academic librarians' attitudes, awareness and practices related to research transparency. We report on preliminary results from interviews with librarians, presenting their conceptualizations of research transparency and open research, existing library services that support and advocate for both concepts, and potential services that would augment this support and advocacy. Library activities they feel are most important to the advancement of transparency and openness are identified and perceptions of disciplinary differences are noted

Adaptation and development pathways for different types of farmers

One of the greatest challenges humanity faces is feeding the world's human population in a sustainable, nutritious, equitable and ethical way under a changing climate. Urgent transformations are needed that allow farmers to adapt and develop while also being climate resilient and contributing minimal emissions. This paper identifies several illustrative adaptation and development pathways, recognising the variety of starting points of different types of farmers and the ways their activities intersect with global trends, such as population growth, climate change, rapid urbanisation dietary changes, competing land uses and the emergence of new technologies. The feasibility of some pathways depends on factors such as farm size and land consolidation. For other pathways, particular infrastructure, technology, access to credit and market access or collective action are required. The most viable pathway for some farmers may be to exit agriculture altogether, which itself requires careful management and planning. While technology offers hope and opportunity, as a disruptor, it also risks maladaptations and can create tradeoffs and exacerbate inequalities, especially in the context of an uncertain future. For both the Sustainable Development Goals and the 2015 Paris Agreement to be achieved, a mix of levers that combine policy, technology, education and awareness-raising, dietary shifts and financial/economic mechanisms is required, attending to multiple time dimensions, to assist farmers along different pathways. Vulnerable groups such as women and the youth must not be left behind. Overall, strong good governance is needed at multiple levels, combining top-down and bottom-up processes

Comment on:"The effect of prehospital critical care on survival following out of hospital cardiac arrest: A prospective observational study"

We read the article “The effect of pre-hospital critical care on survival following out of hospital cardiac arrest: A prospective observational study”1 with great interest. The authors should be complimented for their effort to answer the question whether or not pre-hospital critical care teams contribute to the survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. In their study, they could not demonstrate a positive association between pre-hospital critical care and survival to hospital discharge, which was their primary endpoint. Although a couple of reasons for the lack of benefit from pre-hospital critical care for OHCA are provided, we think several important explanations remain unmentioned in the article

Oxygen isotopes implanted in the LDEF spacecraft

Secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to study oxygen implanted in the surface of copper from the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). Oxidation that occurred in orbit shows a characteristic oxygen isotope composition, depleted in O-18. The measured depletion is comparable to the predicted depletion (45 percent) based on a model of the gravitational separation of the oxygen isotopes. The anomalous oxygen was contained within 10nm of the surface. Tray E10 was calculated to have received 5.14 x 10(exp 21) atoms of oxygen cm(sup -2) during the LDEF mission and so there is sufficient anomalous implanted oxygen present in the surface to obtain a reliable isotopic profile

The effects of question repetition on responses when prosecutors and defense attorneys question children alleging sexual abuse in court.

This study examined the effects of repeated questions (n = 12,169) on 6- to 12-year-olds' testimony in child sexual abuse cases. We examined transcripts of direct- and cross-examinations of 120 children, categorizing how attorneys asked repeated questions in-court and how children responded. Defense attorneys repeated more questions (33.6% of total questions asked) than prosecutors (17.8%) and repeated questions using more suggestive prompts (38% of their repeated questions) than prosecutors (15%). In response, children typically repeated or elaborated on their answers and seldom contradicted themselves. Self-contradictions were most often elicited by suggestive and option-posing prompts posed by either type of attorney. Child age did not affect the numbers of questions repeated, the types of prompts used by attorneys to repeat questions, or how children responded to repetition. Most (61.5%) repeated questions were repeated more than once and, as repetition frequency increased, so did the number of self-contradictions. "Asked-and-answered" objections were rarely raised (n = 45) and were more likely to be overruled than sustained by judges. Findings suggest that attorneys frequently ask children "risky" repeated questions. Both attorneys and the judiciary need more training in identifying and restricting the unnecessary repetition of questions.This research was supported in part by NICHD Grant HD047290 to Thomas D. Lyon and an ESRC studentship to Samantha J. Andrews.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from American Psychological Association via http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/lhb000015