Convergence to equilibrium for many particle systems

The goal of this paper is to give a short review of recent results of the authors concerning classical Hamiltonian many particle systems. We hope that these results support the new possible formulation of Boltzmann's ergodicity hypothesis which sounds as follows. For almost all potentials, the minimal contact with external world, through only one particle of $N$, is sufficient for ergodicity. But only if this contact has no memory. Also new results for quantum case are presented

Estimations of electron-positron pair production at high-intensity laser interaction with high-Z targets

Electron-positron pairs' generation occuring in the interaction of $10^{18}$-$10^{20}$~W/cm$^2$ laser radiation with high-Z targets are examined. Computational results are presented for the pair production and the positron yield from the target with allowance for the contribution of pair production processes due to electrons and bremsstrahlung photons. Monte-Carlo simulations using the PRIZMA code confirm the estimates obtained. The possible positron yield from high-Z targets irradiated by picosecond lasers of power $10^2$-$10^3$~TW is estimated to be $10^9$-$10^{11}$

The use of endovascular thrombectomy among the patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by the occlusion of large cerebral vessels

The effectiveness and complications of endovascular thrombectomy were analyzed. The obtained results show the reduction in mortality and disability among the patients after endovascular treatmen

Effect of extracts from microalgae on cytokine levels in female C57Bl6 mice

Microalgae from the freshwater basins and seas are a valuable source of broad-spectrum biologically active substances that can affect the cells of immune system and their functional state. Cytokines are involved in all vital processes proceeding in the living cells (proliferation, maturation, differentiation, apoptosis/ necrosis). A study was performed in order to assess the effects of standard food formula for experimental animals supplemented with oil extract of microalgae from various systematic groups upon the levels of cytokines in blood serum, culture media conditioned by immunocytes, as well as kidney and liver tissues. The standard food was impregnated in oil extracts of microalgae (C. vulgaris, Coelastrella sp., A. platensis, C. closterium, and P. purpureum). In control series, the food was impregnated with pure vegetable oil. The animals were fed these foods for 12 days. Blood, spleen and thymus were taken to isolate immunocytes, kidneys and liver, and dimethyl sulfoxide extracts of the cells were produced. The conditioned media of splenocytes and thymocytes were obtained by adding concanavalin A (0 and 10 μg/ml) to the cultured cells. The levels of NO, IL-1β, IL-10, TNFα, and NO were determined in serum, conditioned media, and tissue extracts. In serum, the influence of microalgae on the levels of IL-1β and TNFα was revealed. Activation of immunocytes in experimental groups was followed by changes in IL-1β, TNFα and IL-10 production. Changes of cytokine and NO levels were revealed in liver and kidney extracts in experimental groups. Thus, microalgae extracts of various systematic groups affect the levels of cytokines in blood serum, cultural media conditioned by splenocytes and thymocytes, kidney and liver tissues

Heat Capacity of PbS: Isotope Effects

In recent years, the availability of highly pure stable isotopes has made possible the investigation of the dependence of the physical properties of crystals, in particular semiconductors, on their isotopic composition. Following the investigation of the specific heat ($C_p$, $C_v$) of monatomic crystals such as diamond, silicon, and germanium, similar investigations have been undertaken for the tetrahedral diatomic systems ZnO and GaN (wurtzite structure), for which the effect of the mass of the cation differs from that of the anion. In this article we present measurements for a semiconductor with rock salt structure, namely lead sulfide. Because of the large difference in the atomic mass of both constituents ($M_{\rm Pb}$= 207.21 and ($M_{\rm S}$=32.06 a.m.u., for the natural isotopic abundance) the effects of varying the cation and that of the anion mass are very different for this canonical semiconductor. We compare the measured temperature dependence of $C_p \approx C_v$, and the corresponding derivatives with respect to ($M_{\rm Pb}$ and $M_{\rm S}$), with \textit{\textit{ab initio}} calculations based on the lattice dynamics obtained from the local density approximation (LDA) electronic band structure. Quantitative deviations between theory and experiment are attributed to the absence of spin-orbit interaction in the ABINIT program used for the electronic band structure calculations.Comment: 17 pages including 10 Fig

Rex Eris Si Recte Facias, Si Non Facias Non Eris

The authors consider some of the most important features of the interaction between the government and Church using a case study of the Russian state in the Early Modern times, analyzing the two main directions of this interaction, that is, the confessionalization of the society and the creation of a "tsarist discourse

Effect of CFP-10/ESAT-6 secretory proteins on long-term non-specific immunological memory in mouse macrophages

Innate immune cells (monocytes/macrophages, NK) can also develop immune memory, which means that these cells are trained after their first encounter with pathogens so that they exhibit a nonspecific immunological response to the same or another pathogen. Bacilli Calmette–Gu rin (BCG) induces nonspecific innate memory (trained immunity) in innate immune cells. We examined nonspecific innate memory in macrophages of BALB/c mice in response to mycobacteria with or without the RD1 region in the genome. Mice were immunized with BCG vaccine, and peritoneal macrophages were isolated on day 7, and then stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, CFP-10, or ESAT-6. In addition, mice were immunized with Mycobacterium tuberculosis uro-BCG vaccine (RD1-) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv (RD1+) subcutaneously or intravenously; peritoneal macrophages were isolated and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide on day 4. Alveolar macrophages were obtained from lung explants of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv mice, were expanded to confluence 70-80% and further stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Lactate, cytokines, and glucose levels were examined in conditioned macrophage medium. Peritoneal macrophages from mice primed with BCG vaccine were shown to increase IL-1b, TNFa, and lactate production in response to CFP-6 and ESAT-10 (p < 0.05). Of note is the fact that lipopolysaccharide also increased production of IL-1b, TNFa, and also increased glucose uptake by peritoneal macrophages primed with BCG vaccine (p < 0.05). Peritoneal macrophages primed with Uro-BCG were shown to increase spontaneous production of IL-1b and decrease spontaneous production of TNFa (p < 0.05). When macrophages were primed by subcutaneous or intravenous administration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv differentially affected cytokine production, by decreasing IL-1b production and increasing TNFa and IL-10, was observed. In response to lipopolysaccharide, peritoneal macrophages increased IL-1b, TNFa, IL-10 production and glucose consumption (p < 0.05). The mode of priming of macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv also led to multidirectional levels of cytokine production. Alveolar macrophages were shown to retain trained immunity, as they produced elevated levels of IL-1b, TNFa, and IL-10 (p < 0.05). Thus, mouse macrophages formed a trained immunity phenotype in response to different types of mycobacteria, which persists for a long time after primary contact with the pathogen, particularly in alveolar macrophages

Обработка и анализ данных натурного эксперимента по определению траекторных характеристик круглого парашюта на больших высотах

The article is devoted to the analysis of the trajectory parameters obtained during the flight experiment at the start of meteo-rocket MMP-06, to determine major parameters of motion of a round parachute at subsonic speeds in the range of altitudes from 0 to 60 km. The Reynolds number is changed in the range from 104 to1,5·106.The main parameters of the trajectory were obtained according to the experimental data. Only laboratory research on a model parachute systems in such a wide range of Reynolds numbers are found in the literature on parachute subjects. This article obtained results of flight experiment.Статья посвящена обработке и анализу траекторных параметров, полученных во время лётного эксперимента при пуске метеоракеты ММР-06, с целью определения основных параметров движения круглого парашюта на дозвуковой скорости в диапазоне высот от 0 до 60 км. Число Рейнольдса Re при этом изменяется в диапазоне от 104 до 1,5·106. По экспериментальным данным получены зависимости основных параметров движения парашютной системы (ПС). В литературе по парашютной тематике встречаются исследования аэродинамических характеристик в таком широком диапазоне чисел Рейнольдса только в лабораторных условиях на модельных парашютных системах [1]. В данной статье приводятся результаты натурного эксперимента

Dynamical Phases of Driven Vortices Interacting with Periodic Pinning

The finite temperature dynamical phases of vortices in films driven by a uniform force and interacting with the periodic pinning potential of a square lattice of columnar defects are investigated by Langevin dynamics simulations of a London model. Vortices driven along the [0,1] direction and at densities for which there are more vortices than columnar defects ($B>B_{\phi}$) are considered. At low temperatures, two new dynamical phases, elastic flow and plastic flow, and a sharp transition between them are identified and characterized according to the behavior of the vortex spatial order, velocity distribution and frequency-dependent velocity correlationComment: 4 pages with 4 figures. To be published in Phys. Rev. B Rapid Communication

Spatio-temporal dynamics and plastic flow of vortices in superconductors with periodic arrays of pinning sites

We present simulations of flux-gradient-driven superconducting rigid vortices interacting with square and triangular arrays of columnar pinning sites in an increasing external magnetic field. These simulations allow us to quantitatively relate spatio-temporal microscopic information of the vortex lattice with typically measured macroscopic quantities, such as the magnetization $M(H)$. The flux lattice does not become completely commensurate with the pinning sites throughout the sample at the magnetization matching peaks, but forms a commensurate lattice in a region close to the edge of the sample. Matching fields related to unstable vortex configurations do not produce peaks in $M(H)$. We observe a variety of evolving complex flux profiles, including flat terraces or plateaus separated by winding current-carrying strings and, near the peaks in $M(H)$, plateaus only in certain regions, which move through the sample as the field increases