A Review on the Progress, Challenges, and Performances of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

first_pagesettingsOrder Article Reprints Open AccessReview A Review on the Progress, Challenges, and Performances of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells by Yuen-Ean Lye 1ORCID,Kah-Yoong Chan 2ORCID andZi-Neng Ng 1,*ORCID 1 School of Electrical Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Centre for Advanced Devices and Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Nanomaterials 2023, 13(3), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030585 Received: 16 December 2022 / Revised: 19 January 2023 / Accepted: 28 January 2023 / Published: 1 February 2023 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Synthesis of New Photoactive Perovskite Nanomaterials) Download Browse Figures Review Reports Versions Notes Abstract In this twenty-first century, energy shortages have become a global issue as energy demand is growing at an astounding rate while the energy supply from fossil fuels is depleting. Thus, the urge to develop sustainable renewable energy to replace fossil fuels is significant to prevent energy shortages. Solar energy is the most promising, accessible, renewable, clean, and sustainable substitute for fossil fuels. Third-generation (3G) emerging solar cell technologies have been popular in the research field as there are many possibilities to be explored. Among the 3G solar cell technologies, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the most rapidly developing technology, making them suitable for generating electricity efficiently with low production costs. However, the toxicity of Pb in organic–inorganic metal halide PSCs has inherent shortcomings, which will lead to environmental contamination and public health problems. Therefore, developing a lead-free perovskite solar cell is necessary to ensure human health and a pollution-free environment. This review paper summarized numerous types of Sn-based perovskites with important achievements in experimental-based studies to date