Perceived Organizational Support and Teacher Motivation

Rural schools that lack of basic facilities and infrastructure is the focus of the study. With this ruralism conditions, teachers in rural primary school face many obstacles and challenges that could hinder their motivation. These might affect their teaching effectiveness. This study was intended to determine perceived organisational support on teacher motivation. The research sample consisted of 138 teachers in Sabah that directly become the respondents of the study. Data was obtained via questionnaire which was consisted of perceived organisational support: 17 items; and teacher motivation: 5 items). With success rate of 74% returned questionnaire and 102 fit to be evaluated, the data revealed that there was a strong correlation between perceived organisational support on teacher motivation. Teachers should be given support in order to enhance or maintain their motivation especially in rural condition

Pembinaan Instrumen Pencapaian Awal Matematik untuk Kanak-kanak Prasekolah

Kajian ini adalah membina instrumen untuk mengukur pencapaian awal matematik untuk kanak-kanak prasekolah. Dalam membina instrumen ini, penyelidik telah memilih kaedah konsistensi dalaman menggunakan Model Rasch. Dua set instrumen pencapaian awal Matematik kanak-kanak prasekolah diadaptasikan daripada Test of Early Mathematics Ability (TEMA) (Ginsburg dan Baroody, 2003) berdasarkan Kurikulum Standard Prasekolah Kebangsaan. Instrumen-instrumen ini merupakan ujian pra dan ujian pasca yang boleh digunakan untuk mengenal pasti kesan intervensi Matematik. Data kajian diperoleh melalui kaedah temu bual dan pemerhatian tulisan kanak-kanak yang seterusnya diterjemahkan kepada data kuantitatif. Kesemua item dalam kajian ini mempunyai kesahan konstruk iaitu berada dalam lingkungan 0.77 dan 1.30 semasa kajian rintis dijalankan

Membangunkan modul stem haiwan menggunakan pendekatan projek untuk kanak-kanak prasekolah

Pembelajaran STEM (Sains, Teknologi, Kejuruteraan, Matematik) di peringkat prasekolah masa kini tidak kertelihatan dengan jelas. Kajian ini bertujuan membangunkan satu modul STEM haiwan dengan menggunakan pendekatan projek untuk kanak-kanak prasekolah. Pelaksanan aktiviti pembelajaran berasaskan pendekatan projek ini menfokuskan kepada aktiviti beberapa haiwan dalam membina tempat tinggal mereka (sarang). Hal ini dipercayai boleh meningkatkan minat kanak-kanak di peringkat awal terhadap STEM kerana aktiviti bertemakan Haiwan sangat sesuai dengan kanak-kanak. Fasa pertama melibatkan aktiviti pengenalan melalui video tentang haiwan. Fasa kedua melibatkan penyiasatan, penyoalan dan pelaksanaan aktiviti iaitu kanak-kanak akan berbincang dengan ibu bapa mereka dengan kolaborasi guru. Fasa ketiga memerlukan kanak-kanak menceritakan aktiviti yang dilaksanakan. Idea yang disampaikan oleh kanak-kanak selaras dengan usaha menjadikan mereka saintis kanak-kanak. Aktiviti ini merupakan satu contoh STEM pendekatan projek yang dapat dilaksanakan semasa Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan Bersyarat (PKPB) di negeri Sabah disebabkan Covid-19 dengan penglibatan guru, ibu bapa dan persekitaran sebagai guru ketiga dalam pendidikan awal kanak-kanak

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Perceived Organizational Support and Teacher Motivation

Rural schools that lack of basic facilities and infrastructure is the focus of the study. With this ruralism conditions, teachers in rural primary school face many obstacles and challenges that could hinder their motivation. These might affect their teaching effectiveness. This study was intended to determine perceived organisational support on teacher motivation. The research sample consisted of 138 teachers in Sabah that directly become the respondents of the study. Data was obtained via questionnaire which was consisted of perceived organisational support: 17 items; and teacher motivation: 5 items). With success rate of 74% returned questionnaire and 102 fit to be evaluated, the data revealed that there was a strong correlation between perceived organisational support on teacher motivation. Teachers should be given support in order to enhance or maintain their motivation especially in rural condition

Morality binds and blinds:Examining the influence of moral foundations and moral foundations diversity on unethical pro-organisational decisions and behaviours

People conceptualise ethics differently. To some, ethics involves displays of care and fairness to all individuals (individualising foundations). To others, it also encompasses displays of loyalty to in-groups and respect for authorities (binding foundations). According to moral foundations (MF) theory, people endorse both individualising and binding foundations, but to differing extents. However, organisation research has mainly examined ethics as if it merely involves the former considerations. Thus, I examine individuals&#146; endorsement of both types of MF and how it influences their (un)ethical decisions and behaviours that benefit their organisations. In the first part of this thesis, I examine how MF and organisational identification interact to influence individuals&#146; unethical pro-organisational decisions and behaviours (UPB). I conducted five studies; each using different methodologies to extend the previous study. All studies, unless otherwise stated, measured MF and organisational identification. Study 1 surveyed students&#146; UPB intentions, Study 2, an experiment, captured students&#146; actual UPB, and Study 3 manipulated MF and measured students&#146; UPB intentions (3a) and evaluations of another&#146;s UPB (3b). Further, in a cross-sectional (Study 4) and a two-wave (Study 5) survey, I assessed workers&#146; UPB intentions. Although findings were not fully consistent across studies, results tentatively show that binding foundations were more strongly associated with engagement in UPB, when individualising foundations were low and organisational identification was high. The second part of my thesis extends the first part by examining how individuals&#146; decisions regarding UPB change when they encounter MF diversity (i.e., when individuals place varying degrees of importance on binding and individualising MF and thus have different ideas of right and wrong). I conducted two scenario studies using different designs with student and worker samples (Studies 6 and 7) to examine whether individuals faced with MF diversity change their initial decisions, by adopting opposing decisions and by making alternate creative decisions, to manage the ethical issues at hand. Results tentatively showed that compared to when there is no MF diversity, individuals were more likely to change their initial decisions by adopting opposing decisions when there is MF diversity

Our eyes for life : a health communication campaign that aims to encourage regular eye screening behaviour among Singaporeans aged 40 to 60

Our Eyes for Life is an integrated health communication campaign by four final year undergraduates from the Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University. The campaign encouraged Singaporeans aged 40 to 60 years old to attend eye screenings and ran in Tampines Group Representation Constituency. This paper outlines primary and secondary research about Singapore’s eye health landscape. Guided by communication theories and relying on research insights, Our Eyes for Life aimed to raise awareness about Singapore’s four common age-related eye diseases, and increase perceived susceptibility towards these eye diseases, level of subjective norms and behavioural intentions to attend eye screenings. Key strategies included utilising eye health professionals as campaign experts, tapping on community touch points in Tampines, such as grassroots leaders and places of worship, and positioning Tampines residents who have eye diseases as eye health advocates. Some key tactics were the creation of a WhatsApp subscription service, producing videos featuring eye health experts and using virtual reality and simulation glasses to demonstrate the effects of eye diseases. The campaign was evaluated through analysing post- campaign survey results and measuring our impact and output objectives. The campaign may have influenced subjective norms and achieved most output objectives. Lastly, this paper discusses strengths and limitations of the campaign, concluding with future directions and sustainability, where the campaign will be replicated in another part of Singapore. Original documents, including campaign collaterals, event photography, email correspondences and relevant data, are included in the appendices as references to the main paper.Bachelor of Communication Studie