Is canagliflozin effective in lowering the risk of all-cause mortality in adults with type 2 diabetes compared to the placebo?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this selective EBM review is to determine whether or not “canagliflozin is effective in lowering the risk of all-cause mortality in adults with type 2 diabetes compared to the placebo?” STUDY DESIGN: A systematic review of three English language, primary, double-blind, randomized controlled trials published from 2013 to 2019. DATA SOURCES: All primary studies were published in peer reviewed journals and selected through PubMed and Cochrane databases comparing canagliflozin vs. placebo. OUTCOMES MEASURED: All-cause mortality, defined as death of patient within the study interval and expressed as number of death/ total participants over the study time interval. RESULTS: The search yielded a total of 20 articles. Three studies were ultimately included in the EBM review after exclusion of other irrelevant studies. Neal et al. showed no statistically significant reduction in all-cause mortality rate, 17.3 vs. 19.5 participants with an event per 1000 patient-years between the intervention vs. placebo groups, respectively (HR 0.87; 95% CI 0.74 to 1.01; P = 0.24). In the Perkovic study, all-cause mortality rate was also similar between both groups, 29.0 vs. 35.0 per 1000 patient-years (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.68–1.02; P not given) for the intervention and placebo groups, respectively. Likewise, all-cause mortality rate was shown to be the same, 1.1 % in both the placebo and the treatment arms in Yale et al. study. CONCLUSIONS: The results of all three studies demonstrated that canagliflozin is not effective in lowering the risk of all-cause mortality in adults with type 2 diabetes compared to the matched placebo. Due to the potential heterogeneity among the included studies, the results of this analysis should be confirmed with new and larger trials in the future to better evaluate all-cause mortality over a longer follow-up period

High-order harmonic generation in solids: A unifying approach

ISSN:1098-0121ISSN:0163-1829ISSN:1550-235XISSN:0556-2805ISSN:2469-9969ISSN:1095-3795ISSN:2469-995

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUATERNARY SEDIMENTARY FACIES IN RELATION TO WATER BEARING CAPACITY OF AQUIFERS AND AQUICLUDES IN RED RIVER DELTA, VIETNAM

Joint Research on Environmental Science and Technology for the Eart

Comparing the effectiveness of online and onsite learning in English proficiency classes: Learners’ perspectives

Online education has significantly gained popularity due to new technology and more importantly, the growing impact of the digitalization of the economy. Despite its prominent advantages such as accessibility, affordability and flexibility, the effectiveness of online education is still a constant debate and needs extensive investigations in different research contexts. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of online learning in comparison to traditional learning in the context of English language teaching. This descriptive study was undertaken with learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in English proficiency preparation classes, employing an online questionnaire together with final scores of proficiency tests. The results revealed that the participants had relatively positive perceptions towards online learning in all four aspects: course content, teachers, learning environment and course supports. The significant finding was that when comparing the final results of the VSTEP exams, the online learners generally were able to perform better than the learners in traditional classrooms, though the difference was not largely remarkable. Online education in the new normal will continue to excel and the effectiveness of this learning mode certainly needs further investigation from different perspectives