Influence of subjects characteristics and technical variables on muscle stiffness measured by shear wave elastosonography

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to quantitatively assess lower limbs muscle elasticity in a court of healthy subjects and to evaluate the influence of technical variables (e.g., diameter of the ROI-region of interest) and examined subjects' characteristics (e.g., sex, levels of physical activity, side evaluated) on muscle stiffness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 54 healthy subjects (48 men, 6 women) were evaluated for a total of 108 lower limbs. Shear wave elastography was performed with a multifrequency linear probe (15-4 MHz). Two radiologists performed the evaluation of lower limbs from left to right side (first calf and then thigh). The measures were taken on gastrocnemius and on femoral biceps muscle belly. We chose to place for this study two ROIs of 4 and 2 mm of diameter. RESULTS: The mean muscle stiffness was 1.98 ± 0.48 (range between 1.89 ± 0.36 and 2.15 ± 0.57 m/s). The difference in muscle stiffness between left and right side of the body and between different levels of physical activity never became statistically significant (p value between 0.314 and 0.915). Only in one test out of eight the difference of muscle stiffness between male and female resulted statistically significant (p value 0.020). When comparing the measurement obtained with a 2 and 4 mm diameter ROIs the values were statistically different only for the left thigh (p value 0.028). CONCLUSION: Our study, despite its limitations (low sample and low female population), seems to give some clear advice: physiological or technical factors do not determine statistically significant differences on passive muscle stiffness

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Effects on Metallic Brackets and Wires: Does It Alter the Temperature and Bonding Efficacy of Orthodontic Devices?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used diagnostic technique. Patients wearing orthodontic appliances are often requested to remove their appliances, even when the MRI exam involves anatomical areas far from mouth, in order to avoid heating of the metal and detachment of the appliance. The purpose of the present investigation was to measure and compare temperature changes and orthodontic appliances' adhesion to enamel after different MRIs. A total of 220 orthodontic brackets were bonded on bovine incisors and wires with different materials (stainless steel and nickel titanium). Moreover, various sizes (0.014″ and 0.019″ × 0.025″) were engaged. Appliances were submitted to MRI at two different powers (1.5 T and 3 T). The temperatures of brackets and wires were measured before and after MRI. Subsequently, the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed. After MRI, a significant increase in the temperature was found for both the brackets and wires in some groups, even if the mean temperature increase was clinically insignificant, as the temperature ranged between 0.05 °C and 2.4 °C for brackets and between 0.42 °C and 1.74 °C for wires. The MRI did not condition bracket adhesion in any group. No differences were reported when comparing the 1.5 T with 3 T groups. The ARI Scores were also significantly lower after MRI. The results of the present report show that, under MRI, orthodontic appliances present a low temperature rise and no debonding risk. Therefore, the removal of orthodontic appliance is not recommended routinely, but is suggested only in the case of a void risk or potential interference in image quality

Scoliosis with peculiar radiological features in a patient with McCune‐Albright syndrome

Abstract Patients with McCune‐Albright Syndrome (MAS) should always attend regular follow‐up. Beside the endocrinological aspects, the screening must take into account osteoarticular complications such as scoliosis, even in patients without fibrous dysplasia

Brain MR findings in patients treated with particle therapy for skull base tumors

Nowadays, hadrontherapy is increasingly used for the treatment of various tumors, in particular of those resistant to conventional radiotherapy. Proton and carbon ions are characterized by physical and biological features that allow a high radiation dose to tumors, minimizing irradiation to adjacent normal tissues. For this reason, radioresistant tumors and tumors located near highly radiosensitive critical organs, such as skull base tumors, represent the best target for this kind of therapy. However, also hadrontherapy can be associated with radiation adverse effects, generally referred as acute, early-delayed and late-delayed. Among late-delayed effects, the most severe form of injury is radiation necrosis. There are various underlying mechanisms involved in the development of radiation necrosis, as well as different clinical presentations requiring specific treatments. In most cases, radiation necrosis presents as a single focal lesion, but it can be multifocal and involve a single or multiple lobes simulating brain metastasis, or it can also involve both cerebral hemispheres. In every case, radiation necrosis results always related to the extension of radiation delivery field. Multiple MRI techniques, including diffusion, perfusion imaging, and spectroscopy, are important tools for the radiologist to formulate the correct diagnosis. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the possible different radiologic patterns of radiation necrosis that can be observed in different MRI techniques in patients treated with hadrontherapy for tumors involving the skull base. The images of exemplary cases of radiation necrosis are also presented

Principi per la redazione dei piani di risanamento

Il documento recepisce anche le osservazioni emerse nel corso dei lavori svolti dal Gruppo di Lavoro Area procedure concorsuali del Consiglio Nazionale dei Dottori Commercialisti e degli Esperti Contabil