Gender-partitioned patient medians of serum albumin requested by general practitioners for the assessment of analytical stability

AbstractBackground:Recently, the use of separate gender-partitioned patient medians of serum sodium has revealed potential for monitoring analytical stability within the optimum analytical performance specifications for laboratory medicine. The serum albumin concentration depends on whether a patient is sitting or recumbent during phlebotomy. We therefore investigated only examinations requested by general practitioners (GPs) to provide data from sitting patients.Methods:Weekly and monthly patient medians of serum albumin requested by GP for both male and female patients were calculated from the raw data obtained from three analysers in the hospital laboratory on examination of samples from those &gt;18 years. The half-range of medians were applied as an estimate of the maximum bias. Further, the ratios between the two medians were calculated (females/males).Results:The medians for male and female patients were closely related despite considerable variation due to the current analytical variation. This relationship was confirmed by the calculated half-range for the monthly ratio between the genders of 0.44%, which surpasses the optimum analytical performance specification for bias of serum albumin (0.72%). The weekly ratio had a half-range of 1.83%, which surpasses the minimum analytical performance specifications of 2.15%.Conclusions:Monthly gender-partitioned patient medians of serum albumin are useful for monitoring of long-term analytical stability, where the gender medians are two independent estimates of changes in (delta) bias: only results requested by GP are of value in this application to ensure that all patients are sitting during phlebotomy.</jats:sec

Separate patient serum sodium medians from males and females provide independent information on analytical bias

AbstractBackground:During monitoring of monthly medians of results from patients undertaken to assess analytical stability in routine laboratory performance, the medians for serum sodium for male and female patients were found to be significantly related.Methods:Daily, weekly and monthly patient medians of serum sodium for both male and female patients were calculated from results obtained on samples from the population &gt;18 years on three analysers in the hospital laboratory. The half-range of medians was applied as an estimate of the maximum bias. Further, the ratios between the two medians were calculated.Results:The medians of both genders demonstrated dispersions over time, but they were closely connected in like patterns, which were confirmed by the half-range of the ratios of medians for males and females that varied from 0.36% for daily, 0.14% for weekly and 0.036% for monthly ratios over all instruments.Conclusions:The tight relationship between the gender medians for serum sodium is only possible when raw laboratory data are used for calculation. The two patient medians can be used to confirm both and are useful as independent estimates of analytical bias during constant calibration periods. In contrast to the gender combined median, the estimate of analytical bias can be confirmed further by calculation of the ratios of medians for males and females.</jats:sec

Real-time Evaluation of Room Acoustics using IFC-based Virtual Reality and Auralization Engines

Virtual Reality and Auralization are commonly used for separate types of simulation and evaluation in todays’ building industry. Combining the two technologies in order to evaluate room acoustics through real time auraliza-tion is, however, still a novel approach in the industry. Through a case study of a major engineering company with branch offices in both Denmark and Norway, we identified common practises in designing room acoustics, used in the developing of a combined audio-visual system. The system is devel-oped to support dialog between designers and end-users, with no or limited expertise in designing room acoustics. The system is, additionally, developed to widen the use of virtual reality with auralization, by providing a tool mak-ing such use possible.Virtual Reality and Auralization are commonly used for separate types of simulation and evaluation in todays’ building industry. Combining the two technologies in order to evaluate room acoustics through real time auraliza-tion is, however, still a novel approach in the industry. Through a case study of a major engineering company with branch offices in both Denmark and Norway, we identified common practises in designing room acoustics, used in the developing of a combined audio-visual system. The system is devel-oped to support dialog between designers and end-users, with no or limited expertise in designing room acoustics. The system is, additionally, developed to widen the use of virtual reality with auralization, by providing a tool mak-ing such use possible