Blocking Gibbs sampling in the mixed inheritance model using graph theory

International audienc

The Effect of Pupil Size on Stimulation of the Melanopsin Containing Retinal Ganglion Cells, as Evaluated by Monochromatic Pupillometry

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of the size of the light exposed pupil in one eye on the pupillary light reflex of the other eye. Method: Using a monochromatic pupillometer, the left eye in each of 10 healthy subjects was exposed to 20 s of monochromatic light of luminance 300 cd/m2, first red (660 nm) and in a following session, blue (470 nm) light. The consensual pupillary diameter in the right eye was continuously measured before, during, and after light exposure. Subsequently, Tropicamide 1% or Pilocarpine 2% was instilled into the left eye and when the pupil was either maximally dilated or contracted, the entire sequence of red and blue light exposure repeated. After at least 3 days, when the effect of the eye drop had subsided, the entire experiment was repeated, this time employing the other substance. Results: Prior dilatation of the left pupil augmented the post light contraction to blue (p < 0.0001), but not to red light. The contraction during light exposure did not change. Prior contraction of the left pupil decreased the post-stimulus contraction to blue light (p < 0.04). Conclusion: The size of the light exposed pupil influences the magnitude of the response to blue, but not to red light. Prior dilatation may therefore prove useful, when the response to blue light – as a marker of melanopsin containing retinal ganglion cell function – is of interest, especially when this response is weak

State of the art and challenges in sequence based T-cell epitope prediction

Sequence based T-cell epitope predictions have improved immensely in the last decade. From predictions of peptide binding to major histocompatibility complex molecules with moderate accuracy, limited allele coverage, and no good estimates of the other events in the antigen-processing pathway, the field has evolved significantly. Methods have now been developed that produce highly accurate binding predictions for many alleles and integrate both proteasomal cleavage and transport events. Moreover have so-called pan-specific methods been developed, which allow for prediction of peptide binding to MHC alleles characterized by limited or no peptide binding data. Most of the developed methods are publicly available, and have proven to be very useful as a shortcut in epitope discovery. Here, we will go through some of the history of sequence-based predictions of helper as well as cytotoxic T cell epitopes. We will focus on some of the most accurate methods and their basic background