283 research outputs found
The minimum width condition for neutrino conversion in matter
We find that for small vacuum mixing angle and low energies () the width of matter, , needed to have conversion probability
should be larger than : . Here is the Fermi constant, is the
total energy squared in the center of mass and is the mass of the
boson. The absolute minimum is realized for oscillations in a
uniform medium with resonance density. For all the other density distributions
(monotonically varying density, castle wall profile, etc.) the required width
is larger than . The width depends on , and for
-resonance channels at we get that is 20 times
smaller than the low energy value. We apply the minimum width condition, , to high energy neutrinos in matter as well as in neutrino background.
Using this condition, we conclude that the matter effect is negligible for
neutrinos propagating in AGN and GRBs environments. Significant conversion can
be expected for neutrinos crossing dark matter halos of clusters of galaxies
and for neutrinos produced by cosmologically distant sources and propagating in
the universe.Comment: 35 pages, latex, 5 figures, structure of the paper is slightly
changed, typos correcte
Signatures of supernova neutrino oscillations in the Earth mantle and core
The Earth matter effects on supernova (SN) neutrinos can be identified at a
single detector through peaks in the Fourier transform of their ``inverse
energy'' spectrum. The positions of these peaks are independent of the SN
models and therefore the peaks can be used as a robust signature of the Earth
matter effects, which in turn can distinguish between different neutrino mixing
scenarios. Whereas only one genuine peak is observable when the neutrinos
traverse only the Earth mantle, traversing also the core gives rise to multiple
peaks. We calculate the strengths and positions of these peaks analytically and
explore their features at a large scintillation detector as well as at a
megaton water Cherenkov detector through Monte Carlo simulations. We propose a
simple algorithm to identify the peaks in the actual data and quantify the
chances of a peak identification as a function of the location of the SN in the
sky.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figure
Cosmic Strings as Emitters of Extremely High Energy Neutrinos
We study massive particle radiation from cosmic string kinks, and its
observability in extremely high energy neutrinos. In particular, we consider
the emission of moduli --- weakly coupled scalar particles predicted in
supersymmetric theories --- from the kinks of cosmic string loops. Since kinks
move at the speed of light on strings, moduli are emitted with large Lorentz
factors, and eventually decay into many pions and neutrinos via hadronic
cascades. The produced neutrino flux has energy ,
and is affected by oscillations and absorption (resonant and non-resonant). It
is observable at upcoming neutrino telescopes such as JEM-EUSO, and the radio
telescopes LOFAR and SKA, for a range of values of the string tension, and of
the mass and coupling constant of the moduli.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figure
Operative Treatment of Cervical Myelopathy: Cervical Laminoplasty
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a degenerative process which may result in clinical signs and symptoms which require surgical intervention. Many treatment options have been proposed with various degrees of technical difficulty and technique sensitive benefits. We review laminoplasty as a motion-sparing posterior decompressive method. Current literature supports the use of laminoplasty for indicated decompression. We also decribe our surgical technique for an open-door, or “hinged”, laminoplasty
The skulls of Borgo Cerreto (Perugia): medical, surgical, and anatomical activity of Baronio Vincenzi (XVII century)
In the Sixties of the last century the vault of a 17th century private chapel was opened, revealing three isolated skulls with evidence of surgical and anatomical activity. The chapel was built by Baronio Vincenzi, who lived and practiced medicine in Borgo Cerreto, a village in the province of Perugia, between the 16th and the 17th century. The skull bc 01 belongs to an adult male, aged 25-35 years. It shows a hole on the left front-parietal region (30 x 31 mm), that can be identified as the result of a skull trepanation. The margins of the lesion are regularly smoothed and inclined internally and the diplopic tissues result almost completely obliterated by a cicatricial bone. A bone splinter (10 x 8 mm), completely reabsorbed, can be observed on the right side of the hole. These findings are the proof of a long survival of the subject. X-ray examination confirms a regular process of ossification, without infection. Trepanation was performed with a Hippocratic trypanon, largely used in cranial surgery of Modern Age. The specimen bc 02 is without skullcap and the right upper part of the face; it belongs to an adult male, 25-30 years aged. The cuts were produced by a bone saw with a thin blade. The choice of these regions suggests the willingness to study the basal skull, the right eye cavity and the paranasal sinuses. The skull bc 03 consists only in a skullcap of an adult individual, which shows the signs of a bone saw. In conclusion, the recovery of a trepanned skull, at present the first specimen of this type recovered so far in Umbria, together with two others skulls with the signs of postmortem examination, inside the Vincenzi family vault can be probably related to the professional activity of Baronio. He was an experienced surgeon and a skilled anatomist, who certainly experienced the empirical surgery of the nearby surgical School of Preci, famous throughout Europe for the treatment of urinary bladder stones, cataract as well as the ability in skull trepanation
Diffuse supernova neutrinos: oscillation effects, stellar cooling and progenitor mass dependence
We estimate the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB) using the recent
progenitor-dependent, long-term supernova simulations from the Basel group and
including neutrino oscillations at several post-bounce times. Assuming
multi-angle matter suppression of collective effects during the accretion
phase, we find that oscillation effects are dominated by the matter-driven MSW
resonances, while neutrino-neutrino collective effects contribute at the 5-10%
level. The impact of the neutrino mass hierarchy, of the time-dependent
neutrino spectra and of the diverse progenitor star population is 10% or less,
small compared to the uncertainty of at least 25% of the normalization of the
supernova rate. Therefore, assuming that the sign of the neutrino mass
hierarchy will be determined within the next decade, the future detection of
the DSNB will deliver approximate information on the MSW-oscillated neutrino
spectra. With a reliable model for neutrino emission, its detection will be a
powerful instrument to provide complementary information on the star formation
rate and for learning about stellar physics.Comment: 19 pages, including 4 figures and 1 table. Clarifying paragraphs
added; results unchanged. Matches published version in JCA
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