Invention and Contention: Place, Identity and Memory of the Spanish Past in the American Southwest, 1848-1940

As the twentieth century unfolded, American writers, critics, and boosters presented a narrative of the arid Southwest as an exotic place blessed with a romantic history that could inspire, captivate and renew the many new white citizens flocking to rapidly growing cities. The history of Spanish colonialism in the area became a precious and exclusive cultural and economic resource. This dissertation tells the story of the commemoration of the Spanish past from 1848 to 1940 in three Spanish towns that grew into prominent American cities: Tucson, Arizona; Albuquerque, New Mexico; and San Antonio, Texas. In chapters centered on space, historic preservation, Mexican folk ritual, and pageants, this work examines the stories told about the Spanish past in these cities and reveals how people of differing classes and ethnicities gave meaning to the places they lived and to the process of American annexation of the region. That meaning shaped individual and social identities as well as the flow of power between them

Invention And Contention: Identity, Place, And Memory Of The Spanish Past In The American Southwest, 1848-1940

As the twentieth century unfolded, American writers, critics, and boosters presented a narrative of the arid Southwest as an exotic place blessed with a romantic history that could inspire, captivate and renew the many new white citizens flocking to rapidly growing cities. The history of Spanish colonialism in the area became a precious and exclusive cultural and economic resource. This dissertation tells the story of the commemoration of the Spanish past from 1848 to 1940 in three Spanish towns that grew into prominent American cities: Tucson, Arizona; Albuquerque, New Mexico; and San Antonio, Texas. In chapters centered on space, historic preservation, Mexican folk ritual, and pageants, this work examines the stories told about the Spanish past in these cities and reveals how people of differing classes and ethnicities gave meaning to the places they lived and to the process of American annexation of the region. That meaning shaped individual and social identities as well as the flow of power between them

Financing structural interventions: going beyond HIV-only value for money assessments.

OBJECTIVE: Structural interventions can reduce HIV vulnerability. However, HIV-specific budgeting, based on HIV-specific outcomes alone, could lead to the undervaluation of investments in such interventions and suboptimal resource allocation. We investigate this hypothesis by examining the consequences of alternative financing approaches. METHODS: We compare three approaches for deciding whether to finance a structural intervention to keep adolescent girls in school in Malawi. In the first, HIV and non-HIV budget holders participate in a cross-sectoral cost-benefit analysis and fund the intervention if the benefits outweigh the costs. In the second silo approach, each budget holder considers the cost-effectiveness of the intervention in terms of their own objectives and funds the intervention on the basis of their sector-specific thresholds of what is cost-effective or not. In the third cofinancing approach, budget holders use cost-effectiveness analysis to determine how much they would be willing to contribute towards the intervention, provided that other sectors are willing to pay for the remaining costs. In addition, we explore approaches for determining the HIV share in the cofinancing scenario. RESULTS: We find that efficient structural interventions may be less likely to be prioritized, financed and taken to scale where sectors evaluate their options in isolation. A cofinancing approach minimizes welfare loss and could be incorporated in a sector budgeting perspective. CONCLUSION: Structural interventions may be underimplemented and their cross-sectoral benefits foregone. Cofinancing provides an opportunity for multiple HIV, health and development objectives to be achieved simultaneously, but will require effective cross-sectoral coordination mechanisms for planning, implementation and financing

cAMP Signaling Enhances HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat (LTR)-directed Transcription and Viral Replication in Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells.

CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells have been shown to be susceptible to HIV-1 infection, possibly due to a low-level expression of CXCR4, a coreceptor for HIV-1 entry. Given these observations, we have explored the impact of forskolin on cell surface expression of CXCR4 in a cell line model (TF-1). The elevation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by forskolin through adenylyl cyclase (AC) resulted in transcriptional upregulation of CXCR4 with a concomitant increase in replication of the CXCR4-utilizing HIV-1 strain IIIB. Transient expression analyses also demonstrated an increase in CXCR4-, CCR5-, and CXCR4-/CCR5-utilizing HIV-1 (LAI, YU2, and 89.6, respectively) promoter activity. Studies also implicated the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway and the downstream transcription factor CREB-1 in interfacing with cAMP response elements located in the CXCR4 and viral promoter. These observations suggest that the cAMP signaling pathway may serve as a regulator of CXCR4 levels and concomitantly of HIV-1 replication in bone marrow (BM) progenitor cells. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017

Institutional repositories provide an ideal medium for scholars to move beyond the journal article.

Reflecting on their experiences supporting the growth of Columbia University’s Academic Commons digital repository, Leyla Williams, Kathryn Pope, and Brian Luna Lucero make a clear case for why other institutional repositories should look to broaden the scope of the materials they house

Functional Studies of CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein Site Located Downstream of the Transcriptional Start Site.

Previous studies have identified a CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) site located downstream of the transcriptional start site (DS3). The role of the DS3 element with respect to HIV-1 transactivation by Tat and viral replication has not been characterized. We have demonstrated that DS3 was a functional C/EBPβ binding site and mutation of this site to the C/EBP knockout DS3-9C variant showed lower HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) transactivation by C/EBPβ. However, it was able to exhibit similar or even higher transcription levels by Tat compared to the parental LTR. C/EBPβ and Tat together further enhanced the transcription level of the parental LAI-LTR and DS3-9C LTR, with higher levels in the DS3-9C LTR. HIV molecular clone viruses carrying the DS3-9C variant LTR demonstrated a decreased replication capacity and delayed rate of replication. These results suggest that DS3 plays a role in virus transcriptional initiation and provides new insight into C/EBP regulation of HIV-1

CAVITY FORMATION IN THE RABBIT MODEL OF TUBERCULOSIS

Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among infectious diseases. The development of cavitary lesions is a major concern; it is believed that cavitary lesions contribute to tuberculosis disease transmission and antibiotic resistance. The progression of cavitary lesions can also be a sign of treatment failure. Despite the health significance of cavitary tuberculosis, there is currently no test or assay to assess which patients would be most likely to develop cavitary disease. Tests capable of detecting early treatment failure could be useful in clinical trial settings and save a considerable amount of money for failed drugs, as clinical trials are expensive due to long-term treatment and follow up monitoring required for tuberculosis. In this work, a non-invasive imaging tool is presented that is capable of predicting which rabbits will continue to progress to develop cavitary disease. Next a RNA sequencing study was performed to measure the global transcriptome response of the host at the cavitary lesion. One of the genes identified as being upregulated in the cavitary tissue was mmp-1. We hypothesized that MMP-1 was involved in cavitary lesion development and tested our hypothesis by treating M. tb infected rabbits with a small molecule, RO32-3555 (Trocade), which inhibits MMP-1 activity

El uso de las redes de información y su implicancia en los delitos de violación sexual a menores de edad, Lima Cercado – 2019

El uso de las redes de información en la implicancia de los delitos de violación sexual a infantes, Lima Cercado - 2019, tiene como necesidad buscar el vinculo en la necesidad de cambiar la legislación nacional en de los delitos de violación contra menores de edad y las Redes de Información y; sobre todo, identificar la relación que existe entre los elementos normativos del uso de las Redes de Información y su afectación a los menores. Se debe analizar los efectos de los dispositivos legales vigentes y su vinculo con el uso de redes de Información en los delitos descritos. El desarrollo de este trabajo se visualiza en Investigación Básica o Pura, de nivel Descriptivo-Correlacional, de diseño no experimental, Transaccional, sustentado en un sondeo escrito a una población de 60 personas, entre Abogados, Fiscales, Jueces, Periodistas y Médicos que nos permite lograr resultados para la investigación. Una información de incidencia que genera la difusión de fuente abierta que de alguna manera instiga tendencias hacia infantes como víctimas de vulneración sexual. Los resultados evidencian que no existe una política criminal clara, ni elementos normativos, que regulen un control del uso de redes de información de fuente abierta, en las sanciones de vulneración sexual infantil por uso de redes de información, reflejándose en una inadecuada aplicación de las normas actuales en la detección y proceso penal de los acosadores sexuales infantiles.The use of information networks in the implication of the crimes of rape of infants, Lima Cercado - 2019, has as a need to seek the link in the need to change the national legislation on the crimes of rape against minors and the Information Networks and; above all, to identify the relationship that exists between the normative elements of the use of the Information Networks and their effect on minors. The effects of current legal provisions and their link with the use of information networks in the crimes described must be analyzed. The development of this work is visualized in Basic or Pure Research, Descriptive-Correlational level, non-experimental, Transactional design, supported by a survey written to a population of 60 people, among Lawyers, Prosecutors, Judges, Journalists and Doctors who allows to achieve results for research. An advocacy information that generates open source dissemination that somehow instigates tendencies towards infants as victims of sexual abuse. The results show that there is no clear criminal policy, nor normative elements, that regulate a control of the use of open source information networks, in the sanctions of child sexual violation for the use of information networks, reflecting in an inadequate application of the current standards in the detection and criminal prosecution of child sexual harassers

Effects of Adjunctive rh-transferrin on Susceptibility and Emergence of Resistance in Gram-negative Pathogens

Introduction: Human pathogens have experienced selective pressure from antibiotics for nearly 80 years. The high speed of antibiotic resistance formation in nosocomial bacteria together with overuse of antibiotics has promoted the current multidrug resistance crisis. The problem is especially important for Russian healthcare, where the majority of isolated clinical strains of A. baumannii are drug-resistant: 93% of them are resistant to Cefoperazone, 61,2% - to Amicacin, 51,9% - to Levofloxacin [1]. We attempted to decrease the emergence of resistant mutants using a novel combination of antibiotics with recombinant human transferrin (rh-transferrin). We hypothesized that rh- transferrin, which functions by passively starving the bacteria of iron needed for microbial replication [2], would exert less selective pressure as compared to traditional antibiotics. It has been reported in previous studies that transferrin has broad antimicrobial effects in vitro against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungal pathogens [3]. The main goal of this project is to study the in vitro and in vivo effect of adjunctive transferrin on susceptibility and emergence of resistance in the Gram-negative pathogens Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: Time-kill assays were done using ciprofloxacin or meropenem with and without transferrin. Viability was assessed at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours for A. baumannii and at 1, 4, and 24 hours for K. pneumonia. The assay was done using either resazurin (cellular metabolic readout) or quantitative culturing. Antibiotic-resistant mutants were selected by passaging a high inoculum of bacteria in sub-lethal concentrations of antibiotic for 24 hours or by serial passaging lower inocula of bacteria for 20 days with or without rh-transferrin. C3HeB/FeJ mice were infected IV with 2x10^7 CFU of A. baumannii LAC-4 strain and mice were administered a sub-therapeutic dose of ciprofloxacin (50 mg/kg BID) with and without transferrin (100 mg/kg). Results: The time-kill assays for both bacterial species showed no interaction between the antibiotics and rh-transferrin in vitro for most strains. Mutant selection for 24 hours and 20 days demonstrated a decrease in mutant emergence in the group treated with a combination of rh-transferrin and antibiotics compared to antibiotics alone. The 20-day passage experiment selected for mutants with an extremely high level of resistance. LD100 for all strains in C3HeB/FeJ mice were defined. In vivo efficacy experiments will begin soon with combination therapy. Conclusions: We found that transferrin containing therapeutic regimens suppressed the emergence of resistance in vitro, and is promising as an adjunct to antibiotic therapy