Effects of ammonium-based ionic liquids and 2,4-dichlorophenol on the phospholipid fatty acid composition of zebrafish embryos

<div><p>Ionic liquids consisting of a combination of herbicidal anions with a quaternary ammonium cation act as efficient herbicides, which are under consideration to be used in the agriculture. In the present study, we used embryos of the zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) as a model to assess the toxic potential of ammonium-based ionic liquids for aquatic organisms. As we assumed interference of the partially hydrophobic ionic liquid cation with lipids, we investigated the adaptation response in the lipid composition of the zebrafish embryos, triggered by the ionic compound. Therefore, the impact of ammonium-based ionic liquids with different lengths of the alkyl chain ([C₆,C₆,C₁,C₁N][Br], [C₈,C₈,C₁,C₁N][Br]) on the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile of zebrafish embryos up to 72 hours post fertilization (hpf) was examined. Furthermore, the changes in the unsaturation index (UI) of PLFAs, as the sum parameter of membrane fluidity in eukaryotic cells, were presented. The PLFA’s UI in the zebrafish embryos upon exposure to quaternary ammonium salts was compared to the UI of the embryos upon exposure to nonionic 2,4-dichlorophenol, which has a similar hydrophobicity but is structurally different to [C₈,C₈,C₁,C₁N][Br]. It was shown that for ammonium-based ionic liquid precursors non-specific mode of action occurs and the toxic effect on lipid composition of zebrafish embryos can be well predicted based on chemical properties, like hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the changes in PLFAs, expressed by the UI, can be useful to study toxic effects of organic contamination. However, for zebrafish embryos, after ionic liquids and 2,4-DCP exposure, the changes were observed at high lethal concentrations, which caused the incidence of lethality of 30 and 50% of a group of test animals.</p></div

Summary of acute toxicity data for each compound.

<p>Summary of acute toxicity data for each compound.</p

PLFA pattern of untreated zebrafish embryos (control) and embryos treated with [C₈,C₈,C₁,C₁N][Br] (LC₁₀, LC₃₀, LC₅₀) at 72 hpf.

<p>hpf: hours post fertilization; y-axis is divided into two sections with different scales; *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01.</p

Mean values (±STD) for unsaturation index (UI) of the PLFA fraction in zebrafish embryos treated with 2,4-DCP and [C₆,C₆,C₁,C₁N][Br] for LC₅₀ at 0.5, 24, 48 and 72 hpf.

<p>hpf: hours post fertilization; *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01.</p