Interactions of Fipronil within Fish and Insects: Experimental and Molecular Modeling Studies

Fipronil is an efficient phenylpyrazole insecticide that acts on insect γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors (GABARs) and has low toxicity to mammals but high toxicity to nontarget organisms such as fish. To develop novel efficient low-toxicity insecticides, it is necessary to determine the detailed toxic mechanism at the molecular target level. In this work, methods including affinity chromatography, fluorescent-labeled binding assays, and molecular modeling were integrated to explore the binding of fipronil to GABARs in fish (<i>Aristichthys nobilis</i>) and insects (<i>Musca domestica</i>). Affinity chromatography revealed that fipronil acts on two different subunits of GABARs in fish and <i>M. domestica</i>. Moreover, fluorescence assays revealed that fipronil exhibits similar affinity to the two GABARs. The <i>K</i>_d and <i>B</i>_max of fipronil binding to the <i>A. nobilis</i> GABAR were 346 ± 6 nmol/L and 40.6 ± 3.5 pmol/mg of protein, respectively. And the <i>K</i>_d and <i>B</i>_max of fipronil binding to the GABAR in <i>M. domestica</i> brain were 109 ± 9 nM and 21.3 ± 2.5 pmol/mg of protein, respectively. In addition, similar fipronil binding positions but different binding modes were observed in docking studies with <i>Brachydanio rerio</i> var. and <i>M. domestica</i> GABARs. These findings indicated similar interactions of fipronil with fish and insects, leading to high toxicity. The different binding features of fipronil between the two species might be helpful for the design and development of highly selective insecticides with low toxicity to fish