Potenciais interações de drogas em pacientes de terapia antirretroviral: uma revisão integrativa: Potential drug interactions in antiretroviral therapy patients: an integrative review

Possíveis interações medicamentosas devem ser levadas em consideração ao selecionar um regime antirretroviral. Uma revisão detalhada dos medicamentos concomitantes pode ajudar na criação de um regime que minimize as interações indesejáveis. O potencial para interações medicamentosas deve ser avaliado quando qualquer novo medicamento (incluindo agentes de venda livre) é adicionado a um regime antirretroviral existente. A maioria das interações medicamentosas com medicamentos antirretroviral é mediada por inibição ou indução do metabolismo hepático de medicamentos. Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, cujo objetivo foi compreender as possíveis interações de drogas em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV em processo de terapia antirretroviral. Após análise dos dados, concluiu-se que há riscos reais de interações medicamentosas a partir do uso de 5 ou mais medicamentos, por um tempo superior a seis anos. Os principais riscos apontados nesse sentido foram interferência na resposta terapêutica, aumento de reações adversas toxidade nos sistemas cardiovascular e nervoso central e dificuldades para detecção de resistência do HIV aos medicamentos antirretrovirais

Sinteses e caracterização de zeólitas para imobilização da lipase de Thermomyces lanuginous aplicada a produção de biodiesel a partir de óleo de palma via rota etílica

O termo zeólitas abrange a classe dos alumino silicatos hidratados de metais alcalinos ou alcalino-terrosos. A enzima lipase de Thermomyces lanuginosus foi imobilizada em zeolitas, produzindo um catalisador heterogêneo com potencial aplicação para a produção de biodiesel. Dois tipos de zeolita foram sintetizados: zeolita gismondina (GIS/Na) e um novo material zeolitico com topologia faujasítica (FAU/Co e FAU/Cu). A zeolita gismondina foi submetida ao processo de troca iônica com os cátions divalentes Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Mg 2+ , Sr 2+ , Mn 2+ e Ca 2+ (GIS/Ni, GIS/Co, GIS/Mg, GIS/Sr, GIS/Mn e GIS/Ca) e a zeólita com topologia faujasítica foi submetida ao processo de troca iônica com NH4 + (FAU/Co.NH 4 e FAU/Cu.NH 4 ) e posteriormente calcinada a 500 o C (FAU/Co.H + e FAU/Cu.H + ). Estes materiais foram utilizados como suporte sólido para a imobilização enzimática, dando origem aos complexos zeolita-enzima: GIS/Ni/ENZ, GIS/Co/ENZ e FAU/Co.NH 4 /ENZ por exemplo. Foram utilizados dois métodos diferentes de imobilização. Em um deles, foi feito um pré-tratamento da lipase com o substrato (óleo de soja) e em outro a enzima foi imobilizada sem o pré-tratamento com o substrato. Foram feitos experimentos de transesterificação de triglicerídeos para a produção de biodiesel utilizando como catalisador da reação as zeolitas puras, a enzima pura e os complexos zeolita-enzima. Os catalisadores com topologia faujasitica (FAU/Co e FAU/Cu) atuando em condições experimentais de 100 o C, razão molar óleo:álcool de 1:50 por 12 horas fornecem bons rendimentos de ésteres (90%). Os catalisadores GIS/Ni/ENZ e FAU/Co.NH 4 /ENZ (imobilização com pré tratamento da enzima) apresentaram os maiores valores de atividade enzimática e bons rendimentos de ésteres etílicos. A mesma quantidade de enzima (0,4 mg) foi utilizada em sua forma livre e imobilizada...The term zeolites comprehend the class of hydrated alkaline or earth alkaline metals alumino silicates. Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase enzyme was immobilized on zeolites, producing a heterogeneous catalyst with potential application on biodiesel production. Two types of zeolite were synthesized: gismondina zeolite (GIS/Na) and a new faujasite like zeolitic material: (FAU/Co e FAU/Cu). Gismondine zeolite was ion exchanged with divalent cations Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Mg 2+ , Sr 2+ , Mn 2+ e Ca 2+ (GIS/Ni, GIS/Co, GIS/Mg, GIS/Sr, GIS/Mn e GIS/Ca) and the faujasite like zeolite was ion exchanged with NH4 + (FAU/Co.NH 4 e FAU/Cu.NH 4 ) and after this it was calcined at 500 o C (FAU/Co.H + e FAU/Cu.H + ). These materials were used as solid support for enzymatic immobilization originating the zeolite-enzyme complexes: GIS/Ni/ENZ, GIS/Co/ENZ and FAU/Co.NH 4 /ENZ for example. Two different methods of immobilization were used. In one of them the lipase was pretreated with the substrate (soybean oil) and in the other one the enzyme was immobilized without the pretreatment with substrate. Triglycerides transesterification experiments to biodiesel production were carried out using pure zeolite, pure enzyme and the zeolite-enzyme complexes as reaction catalyst. When used with experimental conditions of 100 o C, oil:alcohol molar ratio of 1:50 faujasite like catalyst performed good ester yield (90%). GIS/Ni/ENZ and FAU/Co.NH4 /ENZ catalysts (immobilization with pretreated enzyme) showed higher enzymatic activity values and good ethylic esters yield. The same amount of enzyme (0,4 mg) was used in its free and immobilized form in the transesterification reaction (45 o C, oil:alcohol molar ratio of 1:5 for 48 hours). Comparing transesterification reaction esters yield for the free enzyme (51,9%) and for the GIS/Ni/ENZ (70,3%) and FAU/Co.NH4 /ENZ (58,4%) catalysts, was possible... (Complete abstract click electronic access below

Synergistic effect in the catalytic activity of lipase Rhizomucor miehei immobilized on zeolites for the production of biodiesel

Gismondine (P) ion exchanged with Cu2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+ were used as solid supports for the immobilization of the lipase Rhizomucor miehei enzyme. Physicochemical characterization of the zeolite-enzyme complexes were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). These bio-catalysts were used for the transesterification reaction of soybean oil to biodiesel. Divalent cation species and thermal treatment of the zeolitic supports had different effects on several parameters under investigation. In terms of the enzyme activity, the zeolite-enzyme complexes prepared with Ni-P were superior in comparison to the other ones and a synergistic effect for the zeolite-enzyme complex (Ni-P/200-ENZ) was observed for the transesterification reactions of soybean oil to biodiesel. The total amount of methyl esters produced by the complex Ni-P/200-ENZ was of 56.2%, while the same concentration of the immobilized enzyme in its free form yielded only 39.3% of methyl esters, and Ni-P/200 in its pure form also yielded a very low amount of methyl esters (20%). The other zeolite-enzyme complexes (Zn-P/200-ENZ, Cu-P/200-ENZ, and Na-P/200-ENZ) presented a completely different behavior in comparison to the Ni-P/200-ENZ complexes. The total yields of methyl esters generated by these biocatalysts were very low and no synergistic effects were observed. A correlation between the cation atomic radius and the enzymatic activity of the zeolite-enzyme complexes was observed. It was noticed that the bigger the atomic radius of the extra-framework cation, smaller was the experimental enzymatic activity coefficient. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Evaluation of the genetic variability of orchid fleck virus by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis and nucleotide sequencing of a fragment from the nucleocapsid gene

The variability of a fragment of the nucleocapsid gene of orchid fleck virus (OFV) was investigated by single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and nucleotide sequencing. Forty-eight samples of 18 genera of orchids were collected from Brazil, Costa Rica and Australia. The SSCP analysis yielded six different band patterns, and phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide fragment sequence obtained in this work and six available in GenBank showed two different groups, one with isolates 023Germany and So-Japan, and other with the rest of the isolates. None of the analyses showed geographic correlation among the Brazilian strains. The data obtained in this study showed a low genetic variation in this region of the genome; the d(N)/d(S) ratio of 0.251-0.405 demonstrated a negative selective pressure that maintains the stability of the analyzed fragments.National University of AustraliaFAPESP[2000/11805-0]Embrapa[02.06.06.009.00.00

Enzymatic transesterification of soybean oil with ethanol using lipases immobilized on highly crystalline PVA microspheres

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microspheres with different degree of crystallinity were used as solid supports for Rhizomucor miehei lipase immobilization, and the enzyme-PVA complexes were used as biocatalysts for the transesterification of soybean oil to fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE). The amounts of immobilized enzyme on the polymeric supports were similar for both the amorphous microspheres (PVA4) and the high crystalline microspheres (PVA25). However, the enzymatic activity of the immobilized enzymes was depended on the crystallinity degree of the PVA microspheres: enzymes immobilized on the PVA4 microspheres have shown low enzymatic activity (6.13 U mg-1), in comparison with enzymes immobilized on the high crystalline PVA25 microspheres (149.15 U mg-1). A synergistic effect was observed for the enzyme-PVA25 complex during the transesterification reaction of soybean oil to FAEE: transesterification reactions with free enzyme with the equivalent amount of enzyme that were immobilized onto the PVA25 microspheres (5.4 U) have yielded only 20% of FAEE, reactions with the pure highly crystalline microsphere PVA25 have not yielded FAEE, however reactions with the enzyme-PVA25 complexes have yielded 66.3% of FAEE. This synergistic effect of an immobilized enzyme on a polymeric support has not been observed before for transesterification reaction of triacylglycerides into FAEE. Based on ATR-FTIR, 23Na- and 13C-NMR-MAS spectroscopic data and the interaction of the polymeric network intermolecular hydrogen bonds with the lipases residual amino acids a possible explanation for this synergistic effect is provided. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved