Improving temporal resolution of ultrafast electron diffraction by eliminating arrival time jitter induced by radiofrequency bunch compression cavities

The temporal resolution of sub-relativistic ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) is generally limited by radio frequency (RF) phase and amplitude jitter of the RF lenses that are used to compress the electron pulses. We theoretically show how to circumvent this limitation by using a combination of several RF compression cavities. We show that if powered by the same RF source and with a proper choice of RF field strengths, RF phases and distances between the cavities, the combined arrival time jitter due to RF phase jitter of the cavities is cancelled at the compression point. We also show that the effect of RF amplitude jitter on the temporal resolution is negligible when passing through the cavity at a RF phase optimal for (de)compression. This will allow improvement of the temporal resolution in UED experiments to well below 100 fs

Analytical Model of an Isolated Single-atom Electron Source

An analytical model of a single-atom electron source is presented, where electrons are created by near-threshold photoionization of an isolated atom. The model considers the classical dynamics of the electron just after the photon absorption, i.e. its motion in the potential of a singly charged ion and a uniform electric field used for acceleration. From closed expressions for the asymptotic transverse electron velocities and trajectories, the effective source temperature and the effective source size can be calculated. The influence of the acceleration field strength and the ionization laser energy on these properties has been studied. With this model, a single-atom electron source with the optimum electron beam properties can be designed. Furthermore, we show that the model is also applicable to ionization of rubidium atoms, thus also describes the ultracold electron source, which is based on photoionization of laser-cooled alkali atoms

Ponderomotive manipulation of cold subwavelength plasmas

Ponderomotive forces (PFs) induced in cold subwavelength plasmas by an externally applied electromagnetic wave are studied analytically. To this end, the plasma is modeled as a sphere with a radially varying permittivity, and the internal electric fields are calculated by solving the macroscopic Maxwell equations using an expansion in Debye potentials. It is found that the PF is directed opposite to the plasma density gradient, similarly to large-scale plasmas. In case of a uniform density profile, a residual spherically symmetric compressive PF is found, suggesting possibilities for contactless ponderomotive manipulation of homogeneous subwavelength objects. The presence of a surface PF on discontinuous plasma boundaries is derived. This force is essential for a microscopic description of the radiation-plasma interaction consistent with momentum conservation. It is shown that the PF integrated over the plasma volume is equivalent to the radiation pressure exerted on the plasma by the incident wave. The concept of radiative acceleration of subwavelength plasmas, proposed earlier, is applied to ultracold plasmas. It is estimated that these plasmas may be accelerated to keV ion energies, resulting in a neutralized beam with a brightness comparable to that of current high-performance ion sources.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure

Classical formulations of the electromagnetic self-force of extended charged bodies

Several noncovariant formulations of the electromagnetic self-force of extended charged bodies, as have been developed in the context of classical models of charged particles, are compared. The mathematical equivalence of the various dissimilar self-force expressions is demonstrated explicitly by deriving these expressions directly from one another. The applicability of the self-force formulations and their significance in the wider context of classical charged particle models are discussed.Comment: 21 pages, 1 figur

Polarization effects on the effective temperature of an ultracold electron source

The influence has been studied of the ionization laser polarization on the effective temperature of an ultracold electron source, which is based on near-threshold photoionization. This source is capable of producing both high-intensity and high-coherence electron pulses, with applications in for example electron diffraction experiments. For both nanosecond and femtosecond photoionization, a sinusoidal dependence of the temperature on polarization angle has been found. For most experimental conditions, the temperature is minimal when the polarization coincides with the direction of acceleration. However, surprisingly, for nanosecond ionization a regime exists when the temperature is minimal when the polarization is perpendicular to the acceleration direction. This shows that in order to create electron bunches with the highest transverse coherence length, it is important to control the polarization of the ionization laser. The general trends and magnitudes of the temperature measurements are described by a model, based on the analysis of classical electron trajectories; this model further deepens our understanding of the internal mechanisms during the photoionization process. Furthermore, for nanosecond ionization, charge oscillations as a function of laser polarization have been observed; for most situations the oscillation amplitude is small

Circulating free fatty acids, insulin, and glucose during chemical stimulation of hypothalamus in rats

The aim of this study was to investigate plasma free fatty acids (FFA), insulin, and blood glucose during chemical stimulation of the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic areas (LHA and VMH) in rats. Therefore male Wistar rats were implanted with bilateral cannulas in the LHA or the VMH and into the left and right jugular veins. Freely moving rats were then infused into the LHA and VMH with norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), or acetylcholine or intravenously with NE or E. Before, during, and after the infusions, simultaneous blood samples were taken without disturbing the animals. Infusion of NE into the LHA resulted in a decrease of plasma FFA and a simultaneous increase of insulin. NE infusion in the VMH elicited an increase of plasma FFA, plasma insulin, and blood glucose. E infusion into the LHA did not lead to a change of plasma FFA, whereas insulin and glucose showed an increase. E infusion into the VMH evoked increases of plasma FFA and insulin. Peripheral administration of NE led to a sharp increase of FFA, whereas plasma insulin and blood glucose did not change. E in the periphery elicited an augmentation of plasma FFA and blood glucose and a suppression of insulin during infusion. After termination of E infusion, plasma FFA and glucose levels decreased, whereas plasma insulin showed a sharp increase. It is concluded 1) that the effects produced by administration of NE and E are dependent on hypothalamic localization and local receptor population characteristics; 2) that there are striking differences regarding the effects on the investigated blood parameters between hypothalamically infused NE and E and peripherally infused NE and E; and 3) that the LHA and VMH are able to alter plasma FFA levels independently of blood glucose and insulin levels.

Energy spread of ultracold electron bunches extracted from a laser cooled gas

Ultrashort and ultracold electron bunches created by near-threshold femtosecond photoionization of a laser-cooled gas hold great promise for single-shot ultrafast diffraction experiments. In previous publications the transverse beam quality and the bunch length have been determined. Here the longitudinal energy spread of the generated bunches is measured for the first time, using a specially developed Wien filter. The Wien filter has been calibrated by determining the average deflection of the electron bunch as a function of magnetic field. The measured relative energy spread $\frac{\sigma_{U}}{U} = 0.64 \pm 0.09\%$ agrees well with the theoretical model which states that it is governed by the width of the ionization laser and the acceleration length

Ultrafast electron diffraction using an ultracold source

We present diffraction patterns from micron-sized areas of mono-crystalline graphite obtained with an ultracold and ultrafast electron source. We show that high spatial coherence is manifest in the visibility of the patterns even for picosecond bunches of appreciable charge, enabled by the extremely low source temperature (~ 10 K). For a larger, ~ 100 um spot size on the sample, spatial coherence lengths > 10 nm result, sufficient to resolve diffraction patterns of complex protein crystals. This makes the source ideal for ultrafast electron diffraction of complex macromolecular structures such as membrane proteins, in a regime unattainable by conventional photocathode sources. By further reducing the source size, sub-um spot sizes on the sample become possible with spatial coherence lengths exceeding 1 nm, enabling ultrafast nano-diffraction for material science.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Gigahertz repetition rate thermionic electron gun concept

We present a novel concept for the generation of gigahertz repetition rate high brightness electron bunches. A custom design 100 kV thermionic gun provides a continuous electron beam, with the current determined by the filament size and temperature. A 1 GHz rectangular RF cavity deflects the beam across a knife-edge, creating a pulsed beam. Adding a higher harmonic mode to this cavity results in a flattened magnetic field profile which increases the duty cycle to 30%. Finally, a compression cavity induces a negative longitudinal velocity-time chirp in a bunch, initiating ballistic compression. Adding a higher harmonic mode to this cavity increases the linearity of this chirp and thus decreases the final bunch length. Charged particle simulations show that with a 0.15 mm radius LaB6 filament held at 1760 K, this method can create 279 fs, 3.0 pC electron bunches with a radial rms core emittance of 0.089 mm mrad at a repetition rate of 1 GHz.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figure

High quality ultrafast transmission electron microscopy using resonant microwave cavities

Ultrashort, low-emittance electron pulses can be created at a high repetition rate by using a TM$_{110}$ deflection cavity to sweep a continuous beam across an aperture. These pulses can be used for time-resolved electron microscopy with atomic spatial and temporal resolution at relatively large average currents. In order to demonstrate this, a cavity has been inserted in a transmission electron microscope, and picosecond pulses have been created. No significant increase of either emittance or energy spread has been measured for these pulses. At a peak current of $814\pm2$ pA, the root-mean-square transverse normalized emittance of the electron pulses is $\varepsilon_{n,x}=(2.7\pm0.1)\cdot 10^{-12}$ m rad in the direction parallel to the streak of the cavity, and $\varepsilon_{n,y}=(2.5\pm0.1)\cdot 10^{-12}$ m rad in the perpendicular direction for pulses with a pulse length of 1.1-1.3 ps. Under the same conditions, the emittance of the continuous beam is $\varepsilon_{n,x}=\varepsilon_{n,y}=(2.5\pm0.1)\cdot 10^{-12}$ m rad. Furthermore, for both the pulsed and the continuous beam a full width at half maximum energy spread of $0.95\pm0.05$ eV has been measured