Bibliografia degli scritti di Luigi Einaudi

Scrittori italiani di politica, economia e stori

Lavoro manuale e lavoro intellettuale. Il concetto del lavoro, ieri, oggi, domani

Atti del un seminario di studio "Lavoro manuale e lavoro intellettuale" (Torino, Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli, 3-4 maggio 1977) inteso a stimolare il dibattito in corso sulla necessità di una rivalutazione del lavoro manuale; la concezione del lavoronella storia, tendenze in corso ed prospettive future.- Sommario #6- Presentazione #7- 1. Nella selva selvaggia dei compensi #9- 2. La fuga dal lavoro manuale #16- 3. La fuga da qualsiasi lavoro #21- 4. La concezione del lavoro nel mondo antico #25- 5. Il lavoro nell’età moderna #36- 6. Guardando al futuro #4

Aspects of the Quaternary evolution of the coast between Cogoleto and Varazze (western Liguria) [Aspetti dell'evoluzione quaternaria della costa tra Cogoleto e Varazze (Liguria occidentale)]

With the aim of recognizing marine and continental landforms in the coastal stretch between Cogoleto and Varazze, different kinds of investigations have been carried out. The collected data were used to draw a map (see Plate); they provide a descriptive frame that allows to clarify some phases of the Pliocene-Quaternary evolution of the area. 1) The relic of a Pliocene paleo-landscape. It\u2019s partially shown in Plate and in Fig. 1 by a series of topographic summits, mostly between 300 and 400 m in elevation, which originated from the progressive emersion of the area since the middle Pliocene. 2) The Quaternary landscape. From a morphological point of view it appears well distinguishable from the Pliocene landscape (Fig. 3) because of the presence of several marine terraces (see Plate). Considering the average Quaternary uplift rate (equal or less than 0.1 mm/y \u2013 Cap. 5), the relicts of the Quaternary surface cannot occurr over the elevation of 180 m. Between 180 m and the altitude of the 1st order terrace\u2019s inner margin (95-100 m, see Plate, central stretch), marine terraces are not visible because of the slope\u2019s intense regularization. Distinct and well-represented is the first order terrace, which still preserves marine deposits (inner margin\u2019s altitude 90\uf7115 m); its age has been attributed to the late lower Pleistocene (1.2-0.9 M.y.). Less obvious but still represented is the second order\u2019s terrace, whose inner margin is located at 65 meters a.s.l.. 3) The rocky band located between 0 and 12 meters. Along the coast, between the sea level and a tourist path located in correspondence to the route of the railway built in the late 1800s (Europa Promenade), a rocky band (gabbros and peridotite) preserving remains of terraced marine areas appears; this indicates two paleo shore-lines located at 8 and 12 m elevation, respectively (see Plate, profiles S1 to S4). Marine deposits constituted by sands and rounded pebbles and, locally, by rounded boulders (often with diameters larger than 1 meter), are kept isolated in small flaps. The level at 7.5\uf78 m has been attributed to the Tyrrhenian (MIS 5.5) (Fig. 7). 4) The coastal slope. The slope has been divided into altitudinal sections with distinct morphological aspects and attributed to different ages. The oldest and most settled side (VC. in Plate) stretches between 250 meters and 95\uf7105 meters elevation with an average inclination of 25\ub0 (see Tab. 1); between 70\uf780 meters (external edge of the 1st order terrace) and the sea level is a band (VC.T1 in Plate) with an angle between 22\ub0 and 32\ub0. Between 50\uf755 meters (outer edge of the 2nd order terrace) and the sea level is a steeper and irregular sector (VC.T2 in Plate) with an inclination between 27\ub0 and 37\ub0. 5) The coastal plains. The Arrestra and Teiro plains (partially visible in Plate) present: the oldest side (Medium and Late Pleistocene) between 10 meters and 25 meters in height, characterized by a thick toe of slope deposits (mainly colluvium) with evidence of strong rubefaction; a lower part (Holocene) between 5 and 10 meters; a beach between 5 meters and the sea level. 6) The Mizar cave. It is a marine cave, between 9 and 12 meters in height, entirely excavated in peridotite rocks. The interior walls have very regular profiles (similar to parables); its formation is referable to the Tyrrhenian eustatic highstand. The dominant erosive process is related to the waves abrasion during storm surges (Figs. 16 e 13). 7) The Plio-Quaternary vertical dislocations. The present day coastal area is the result of a moderate lifting that began in middle Pliocene; in contrast, the marine platform area has been lowered. The two areas are divided by tectonic lines stretching 56\ub0-57\ub0 (ca. ENE-WSW) e 21\ub0-22\ub0 (ca. NNE-SSW) (Fig. 1 e Plate). It was possible to calculate an average rate of Plio-Quaternary uplift not exceeding 0.2 mm/year and an average rate of Quaternary lifting less than 0.1 mm/year. 8) The disjunctive tectonics. All the landforms in this area, and particularly the hydrographic network, have been controlled by active Plio-Quaternary faults and fractures. The \u201cTeiro Fault\u201d (partially visible in Fig. 1), futhermore, shows greater evidence and significance; its effect determined the rise of the eastern sector over the western one. In this area the dislocations are testified by changes in the height of first order marine terraces, in which the inner margin increases from 80 to 95 metres.. The tectonic features, derived from the hydrographic network analysis are more fragmented and discontinuous to the East of the \u201cTeiro fault\u201d. However it has been possible to recognize three fault/fracture sets characterized by different directions: 55-60\ub0; 21-23\ub0; 125-136\ub0. These directions are confirmed by field surveys carried out along the rock band situated down the \u201cEurope Promenade\u201d (Fig. 17). 9) The valley cut. The main rivers of this area (Rio Mola, Rio Partigliolo, T. Arrestra \u2013 see Plate) have a uniform and very high inclination in the lower part, which differs significantly from that of the higher part (VV. in Tab.1). This is the consequence of the valley deepening during the Quaternary. The obtained results, which were briefly listed above, provide new and sufficiently detailed evidences for clarifying the evolution of the area from a morphological, genetic and chronological point of view. In conclusion, the landscape we see today began its formation in the middle Pliocene and evolved over time. It changed its shape under the actions of tectonic events and both continental and marine exogenous processes

Assessment of Subsurface Neolithic/ Palaeolithic sites in the Southern Gargano Area, Apulia, Italy using a 3D geo-electric resistivity approach

Caves are important sediment traps both for sediment formed inside and for sediments transported from outside into the caves. The stratigraphic reconstruction of the cave\u2019s deposits combined with the study of the archaeological and biological contents (remains of plants or animals) provides an excellent record of the climatic changes happened in the cave and offers information about landscape evolution. Since the study area close to Manfredonia, Southern Gargano, Italy is characterized by important archaeological sites (Occhiopinto Cave) we investigated the area north of Manfredonia in order to get an idea of cavities and their spatial distribution in the ground.In a previous work we tested a 2D approach based on 8 transects. In the present study we used a parallel setting of transects in order to perform a 3D model of the underground structures. Therefore three different arrays were tested, Dipol-Dipol; Wenner and Schlumberger. Schlumberger array is said to be superior in distinguishing lateral from vertical variations in resistivity in respect to Wenner. Whereas Dipol-Dipol array is especially useful for measuring lateral resistivity changes. The utilized electrode spacing for the surface transects was 2m. In order to calibrate and validate the analys is we made 2 core drillings yielding information on the stratigraphy and cavities in the underground. With the given value ranges and the respective electric resistivity arrays we were able to identify the location and depth of the major cavities in 3D fora ca. 25 ha test plot are