The Impact of Loyalty and Equality on Implicit Ingroup Favoritism

Extending recent investigations into the malleability of implicit ingroup favoritism, three experiments examined the role of indirect activation of equality and loyalty. Results showed that priming equality decreased implicit favoritism, measured through the Implicit Association Test and Go/No-Go Association Task, whereas priming loyalty enhanced it; spontaneous behavior (seating distance) was similarly influenced. A boundary condition was observed, namely change of intergroup setting: the effects of priming equality and loyalty ceased when these were primed after an irrelevant ingroup identity was made salient. In general, implicit favoritism can be reduced or increased after the activation of equality and loyalty respectively, and this underlines the importance of tackling discrimination by both lessening its expression, and removing factors that exacerbate it

2300. Neonates born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy: a follow-up and serological study

Abstract Background To evaluate the early and late clinical outcomes of neonates born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy, the dynamics of maternal IgG trans placental transfer and its persistence during the first month of life. Methods Prospective study enrolling neonates born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy at IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Italy, between April 2020 and September 2021. Neonates born to women with infection onset before 2 weeks prior to delivery were enrolled in a 12-month follow-up, including clinical and laboratory evaluations, cranial ultrasound, fundoscopy evaluation. Quantitative IgG to S1/S2 subunits of spike protein were assessed in mother-neonate dyads within 48 hours post-delivery and during follow-up until negative. Transplacental IgG transfer ratio was assessed in relation to the type and trimester of maternal infection. Results One hundred and forty-five neonates were included. the rate of preterm delivery was similar between women with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection (6.2% versus 8.7%, P=0.53). No clinical, laboratory, cerebral and fundoscopy abnormalities were detected at birth or during follow-up, through 11 months (range 8–12). MedianIgG level at birth was not different between neonates born to asymptomatic or symptomatic mothers (18.5 AU/mL, IQR 12–49, versus 31.5 AU/mL, IQR 15–71, P=0.07) nor in relation to the trimester of maternal infection (Table 1), even though mothers with third trimester infections had higher IgG level at birth. Transplacental transfer ratio was higher following second trimester maternal infections and was the lowest following third trimester infections (Table 1). Maternally derived IgG were rapidly weaned, with most infants (115/140, 82%) seronegative by 4 months of age. Conclusion Early and later outcomes of infants born to SARS-CoV-2 infected mothers were favorable. IgG trans placental transfer was higher following second trimester maternal infections, which could be relevant to inform studies on appropriate vaccination strategies aimed at neonatal protection. Maternally derived IgG are rapidly weaned in the first months of life. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Care pathways models and clinical outcomes in disorders of consciousness

Objective: Patients with Disorders of consciousness, are persons with extremely low functioning levels and represent a challenge for health care systems due to their high needs of facilitating environmental factors. Despite a common Italian health care path-way for these patients, no studies have analyzed information on how each region have implemented it in its welfare system correlating data with patients’ clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: A multicenter observational pilot study was realized. Clinicians collected data on the care pathways of patients with Disorder of consciousness by ask-ing 90 patients’ caregivers to complete an ad hoc questionnaire through a structured phone interview. Questionnaire consisted of three sections: sociodemographic data, description of the care pathway done by the patient, and caregiver evaluation of health services and information received.Results: Seventy- three patients were analyzed. Length of hospital stay was different across the health care models and it was associated with improvement in clinical diag-nosis. In long- term care units, the diagnosis at admission and the number of caregivers available for each patient (median value=3) showed an indirect relationship with worsening probability in clinical outcome. Caregivers reported that communication with professionals (42%) and the answer to the need of information were the most critical points in the acute phase, whereas presence of Non- Governmental Organizations (25%) and availability of psychologists for caregivers (21%) were often missing during long-term care. The 65% of caregivers reported they did not know the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Conclusion: This study highlights relevant differences in analyzed models, despite a recommended national pathway of care. Future public health considerations and ac-tions are needed to guarantee equity and standardization of the care process in all European countries

Acute Delta Hepatitis in Italy spanning three decades (1991–2019): Evidence for the effectiveness of the hepatitis B vaccination campaign

Updated incidence data of acute Delta virus hepatitis (HDV) are lacking worldwide. Our aim was to evaluate incidence of and risk factors for acute HDV in Italy after the introduction of the compulsory vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 1991. Data were obtained from the National Surveillance System of acute viral hepatitis (SEIEVA). Independent predictors of HDV were assessed by logistic-regression analysis. The incidence of acute HDV per 1-million population declined from 3.2 cases in 1987 to 0.04 in 2019, parallel to that of acute HBV per 100,000 from 10.0 to 0.39 cases during the same period. The median age of cases increased from 27 years in the decade 1991-1999 to 44 years in the decade 2010-2019 (p < .001). Over the same period, the male/female ratio decreased from 3.8 to 2.1, the proportion of coinfections increased from 55% to 75% (p = .003) and that of HBsAg positive acute hepatitis tested for by IgM anti-HDV linearly decreased from 50.1% to 34.1% (p < .001). People born abroad accounted for 24.6% of cases in 2004-2010 and 32.1% in 2011-2019. In the period 2010-2019, risky sexual behaviour (O.R. 4.2; 95%CI: 1.4-12.8) was the sole independent predictor of acute HDV; conversely intravenous drug use was no longer associated (O.R. 1.25; 95%CI: 0.15-10.22) with this. In conclusion, HBV vaccination was an effective measure to control acute HDV. Intravenous drug use is no longer an efficient mode of HDV spread. Testing for IgM-anti HDV is a grey area requiring alert. Acute HDV in foreigners should be monitored in the years to come

Un nuovo approccio metodologico per affrontare un "antico" problema degli studi sul comportamento elettorale: la previsione delle scelte degli indecisi

Nel capitolo viene discussa l'utilit\ue0 di adottare misure implicite per la previsione dei comportamenti di voto, soprattutto nel caso di elettori indecisi che a distanza di qualche settimana dal voto non abbiamo ancora maturato delle consapevoli preferenze per alcuno dei candidati. Vengono inoltre presentati dati di ricerca a supporto della bont\ue0 predittiva di tali strumenti

Projection processes in the perception of political leaders

The perception of similarity between voters and politicians deeply affects political judgments. In the present work we investigated how voters may selectively attempt to increase their perceived similarity with liked political leaders by means of projection processes. In two studies, participants had to guess the month of birth of several politicians. The attribution of the personal month of birth was assessed. Data provided evidence of both positive and negative projection processes: As compared to what was expected on the basis of random attributions, one’s own month of birth was more likely attributed to politicians of the ingroup but denied to politicians belonging to the disliked coalition. Overall, findings demonstrate that participants modulate their perceived distance with political leaders through selective projection processes, using the self as a judgmental anchor

Che fine hanno fatto gli atteggiamenti nella ricerca psico-sociale?

Gli studi sugli atteggiamenti rappresentano uno dei capitoli pi\uf9 interessanti e allo stesso tempo problematici della psicologia sociale. Il capitolo analizza in senso critico alcuni gli strumenti a disposizione per la misurazione degli atteggiamenti, distinguendo le cosiddette misure implicite ed esplicite. Viene inoltre discussa l'origine di questi due differenti sistemi di atteggiamento cos\uec come la relazione tra di essi

Alla ricerca dei "percorsi carsici" delle scelte elettorali

Partendo da una analisi dei modelli classici e pi\uf9 recenti a proposito dei processi di decisione, l\u2019articolo si propone di sottolineare l\u2019importanza dei contributi che sottolineano il ruolo della componente affettiva e il carattere cruciale dei percorsi di tipo implicito nella interpretazione dei meccanismi decisionali. Impiegando tale prospettiva per rendere conto, nel contesto delle psicologia della politica, dei giudizi che gli elettori esprimono in occasione della scelta di voto, abbiamo ipotizzato che per coloro che non hanno maturato idee precise a proposito della scelta elettorale, la presa di decisione sia un processo che procede in progressione, muovendo da una situazione in cui gli esiti dell\u2019iniziale valutazione delle alternative in gioco si pongono per larga parte al di fuori della consapevolezza. Per mettere alla prova questa ipotesi abbiamo fatto ricorso ad una tecnica di ricerca messa recentemente a punto per registrare le componenti implicite del giudizio sociale (IAT: Implicit Association Test) e abbiamo monitorato gli atteggiamenti impliciti dei partecipanti nei confronti di candidati politici, prima delle elezioni. I risultati ottenuti in due indagini dal carattere ancora preliminare sembrano confermare che lo strumento impiegato \ue8 in grado di anticipare con soddisfacente affidabilit\ue0 la scelta di voto di coloro che al momento della somministrazione della prova si dichiarano incerti a proposito del candidato da votare