Plasma factor VII: a potential marker of pre-eclampsia

INTRODUCTION: Normal pregnancy is associated with a local hypercoagulable state that becomes more profound in certain obstetric complications such pre-eclampsia (P-EC). Current literature on the levels of individual haemostatic factors in women with P-EC is limited and results are inconsistent. In this study we provide detailed investigation on the tissue factor (TF)-dependent pathway in women with P-EC.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to measure plasma factor (F) FVII, FVIIa, TF and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in healthy non-pregnant women (n = 22), normal pregnant women (n = 15), and women with P-EC (n = 20). All subjects were age matched. In addition, pregnant women were matched for gestational age, parity and were all at the third trimester.RESULTS: Plasma FVII levels were significantly higher in women with P-EC compared to the healthy non-pregnant (P<0.001) or the normal pregnant groups (P<0.001). No such significant trends were observed for plasma FVIIa, TF or TFPI levels. Plasma FVII levels can distinguish women with P-EC from healthy non-pregnant women or normal pregnant women at the third trimester, with high sensitivity (90%), specificity (80%), positive and negative predictive values (86%).CONCLUSIONS: Plasma FVII levels are significantly elevated in women with P-EC, in the absence of comparable changes in other TF-dependent pathway factors (FVIIa, TF and TFPI). We propose the use of plasma FVII as a marker for P-EC

Otimização da técnica de citometria de fluxo para análise do fator tissular em monócitos de sangue periférico

A citometria de fluxo permite a análise individual de células quando há expressão de moléculas de membrana, produtos citoplasmáticos e nucleares. Quando se utiliza a marcação prévia das células com anticorpos monoclonais é possível estudar constituintes de membrana característicos de uma determinada linhagem celular. Assim, esta metodologia tem sido largamente utilizada, principalmente na área de onco-hematologia e dos transplantes de medula óssea. A possibilidade de se utilizarem dois ou mais anticorpos monoclonais marcados com fluorocromos diferentes permite o estudo em uma determinada população celular de substâncias pró-coagulantes produzidas por células envolvidas nos mecanismos da hemostasia, abrindo-se a possibilidade de aplicação desta metodologia em áreas de estudo da fisiopatologia relacionada aos estados de hipercoagulabilidade. Os monócitos estão altamente envolvidos nos processos fisiopatológicos envolvendo a formação de trombo e placas ateromatosas, e o Fator Tissular (FT) consiste no principal ativador fisiológico do sistema de coagulação sangüínea. Monócitos estimulados ou não por lipopolissacárides de Escherichia coli expressam FT em condições fisiológicas normais. Neste trabalho buscou-se otimizar as condições de determinação da expressão de FT em monócitos por citometria de fluxo, a partir de metodologia já descrita, em duas populações de indivíduos sadios, com faixas etárias diferentes, no sentido de se estabelecerem os níveis de expressão de FT. Para a análise dos resultados foram utilizadas duas metodologias que definem o percentual de células expressando FT. Dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que não há diferença significativa na expressão de FT de monócitos em função da idade e que os dois métodos de análise utilizados não diferem entre si.<br>The development of the flow cytometric assay using monoclonal antibodies labeled with different fluorescent substances enables the identification of a particular cell population even if it is present in heterogeneous cell samples. This technique has been applied to oncohematology and bone marrow transplantation studies. Two combined fluorescent monoclonal antibodies enable the study of a particular cell population in the expression of procoagulant substances produced by cells involved in homeostatic mechanisms. The application of this methodology creates the perspective of pathophysiologic studies related to hypercoagulability states. Considering that monocytes are highly involved in pathophysiologic mechanisms contributing to thrombus formation and atheromatous plaques and that Tissue Factor represents the principal physiologic activator of the clotting system, this study constitutes a potential tool for obtaining new insights of the role of monocytes in diseases associated to hypercoagulability states. The present work aimed to establish the optimization of conditions for measuring the tissue factor expression in monocytes stimulated or not by lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli and analyzed by flow cytometric assay based on a previous methodology. Blood samples were collected from healthy subjects and divided in two age ranges. Studies on monocytes were carried out comparing two methods of analysis, which define the percentage of cells expressing tissue factor on their surface. From the results, it was concluded that there is no difference between the two age ranges related to the tissue factor expression in monocytes. In addition, there were no significant differences between the two assessed methods of analysis

Pre-eclampsia: relationship between coagulation, fibrinolysis and inflammation

Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a multi-system disorder of human pregnancy, characterised by hypertension and proteinuria. Although the pathogenesis of PE is not fully understood, predisposition to endothelial dysfunction is thought to play a crucial part. Despite intensive research there is no reliable test for screening purposes or to inform decision making towards effective treatment for PE. Understanding the link between PE, abnormal haemostatic activation and inflammation may help to elucidate some of the patho-physiology of the disease; primary preventative measures and targeted therapies at an early stage of the disease could then be considered. In the present paper we discuss potential causal links between PE, haemostasis and inflammation. The potential implications of such interaction on the pathogenesis of PE are also addressed

Púrpura trombocitopênica trombótica: o papel do fator von Willebrand e da ADAMTS13 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: the role of von Willebrand factor and ADAMTS13

A púrpura trombocitopênica trombótica (PTT) instala-se de modo abrupto e é caracterizada pela oclusão difusa de arteríolas e capilares da microcirculação, levando à isquemia de tecidos. A oclusão é causada por microtrombos compostos basicamente de plaquetas e fator von Willebrand (FvW). O FvW é uma glicoproteína de estrutura multimérica sintetizada exclusivamente por células endoteliais e megacariócitos. Este fator promove a adesão das plaquetas ao endotélio lesado, participa do processo de agregação plaquetária e é a proteína carreadora do fator VIII na circulação. Em condições fisiológicas, os grandes multímeros do FvW encontram-se dentro das células endoteliais e nas plaquetas e não estão presentes no plasma. Tão logo estes grandes multímeros são liberados da célula endotelial, são clivados e removidos da circulação pela enzima ADAMTS13 (A Desintegrin And Metalloprotease with eight Thrombo Spondin-1-like). A deficiência funcional ou quantitativa de ADAMTS13 resulta no acúmulo de grandes multímeros de FvW no plasma, propiciando a agregação das plaquetas e oclusão difusa das arteríolas e capilares. A maioria dos casos de PTT está associada à deficiência da ADAMTS13 e já estão disponíveis no mercado internacional conjuntos diagnósticos para a determinação dos níveis de antígenos desta enzima, da de sua atividade e dos anticorpos anti-ADAMTS13. A avaliação laboratorial da ADAMTS13 parece constituir um avanço para o diagnóstico precoce da PTT. No entanto, a interpretação dos resultados exige cautela e um conhecimento do princípio do método, bem como das etapas das reações envolvidas.Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) starts abruptly and is characterized by diffuse occlusion of microcirculation arterioles and capillaries, leading to ischemia of tissues. Occlusion is caused by microscopic clots primarily composed of platelets and von Willebrand factor (VWF). VWF is a multimeric glycoprotein synthesized exclusively by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes. This factor promotes adhesion of platelets to injured endothelium, participates in the process of platelet aggregation and is the carrier protein of factor VIII in the circulation. In physiological conditions, large VWF multimers are present in endothelial cells and platelets and are not present in plasma. As soon as these large multimers are released from the endothelial cell, they are cleaved and removed from circulation by the ADAMTS13 enzyme. A quantitative or functional deficiency of ADAMTS13 results in the accumulation of large VWF multimers in the plasma and may result in the aggregation of platelets and diffuse occlusion of arterioles and capillaries. Most cases of PTT are associated with ADAMTS13 deficiency. The levels of antigens, activity and antibodies of MTS13 can be evaluated using internationally manufactured kits. The laboratory evaluation of ADAMTS13 appears to be a useful tool for the early diagnosis of PTT. However, interpretation of the results requires caution, as well as knowledge of the principles of the method and the steps of the reactions involved

Tissue factor-dependent pathway in severe preeclampsia revisited

Previously we investigated the tissue factor (TF)-dependent coagulation pathway and key haemostatic cofactors in white women with preeclampsia (P-EC) and suggested that plasma factor VII (FVII) levels can differentiate women with P-EC from healthy nonpregnant women or normal pregnant women, at the same trimester, with high sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. Here we re-examine the TF-dependent pathway in a large cohort of Brazilian women. A total of 240 women were studied. These included healthy nonpregnant women (n = 79), normotensive pregnant women (n = 80) and women with severe P-EC (n = 81). Commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure plasma FVII, activated factor VII (FVIIa), TF and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). All study participants were matched for age. Pregnant women (with/without P-EC) were matched for gestational age and parity. Plasma levels of FVII, FVIIa and TFPI were significantly increased in women with severe P-EC compared with healthy nonpregnant women (P &lt; 0.01) or normotensive pregnant women (P &lt; 0.01). FVIIa was also higher in normotensive pregnant women compared with nonpregnant women (P &lt; 0.01). However, no such significant trends were observed for plasma TF levels (P = 0.074). In conclusion, circulating FVII, FVIIa and TFPI were significantly elevated in women with severe P-EC in the absence of comparable changes in plasma TF levels. The present work is in agreement with our previous report on FVII levels in white women with P-EC. Thus, this lends further support to the notion that plasma FVII levels are potentially valuable diagnostic marker for P-EC, irrespective of ethnicity

Tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor in women with a past history of preeclampsia: implication for a hypercoagulable state postpregnancy

Preeclampsia (P-EC) is a multisystem disorder of pregnancy whose cause and pathogenesis remain poorly understood. However, abnormal haemostasis and endothelial dysfunction are thought to be implicated. Women with a past medical history of P-EC have a baseline hypercoagulable state postpregnancy. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between tissue factor (TF) and TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in women who have had P-EC within the last 3 years (more than 6 months postpartum) and their normal counterparts. Blood specimens were collected from women known to have had P-EC within the last 3 years (n?=?26) and aged-matched healthy women without past history of P-EC in previous pregnancy (n?=?26). Plasma TF and TFPI levels were measured using ELISAs. Women who have had P-EC showed increased TF levels compared with their normal counterparts, whereas TFPI levels were reduced. Neither parameter differed significantly when the groups were tested against each other. Interestingly, the TF/TFPI ratio was significantly increased (P?=?0.024) when the two groups were compared. In summary, there was a trend towards increased TF and reduced TFPI levels in the P-EC group. Such a tendency was not statistically significant. However, the TF/TFPI ratio was significantly increased when the groups were compared. Our findings suggest an imbalance between TF/TFPI levels in women with past history of P-EC postpregnancy. This may contribute to the development of maternal hypercoagulable states and may predispose women with a history of P-EC to cardiovascular risks later in life