Outcome dei pazienti con malattie infiammatorie croniche intestinali dopo sospensione dei farmaci biologici.

I farmaci biologici sono diventati parte integrante della terapia delle malattie infiammatorie croniche intestinali. In questa tesi dopo una descrizione generale delle malattie infiammatorie intestinali, si è preso in considerazione numerosi casi di pazienti che hanno dovuto sospendere la terapia biologica e si sono fatte delle statistiche per valutare quale outcome abbiano avuto dopo la sospensione

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Rechallenge in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Current Evidence and Future Directions

Immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapies represent the current standard of care in the first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Despite a clear benefit in survival outcomes, a considerable proportion of patients experience disease progression; prospective data about second-line therapy after first-line treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors are limited to small phase II studies. As with other solid tumors (such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer), preliminary data about the clinical efficacy of rechallenge of immunotherapy (alone or in combination with other drugs) in renal cell carcinoma are beginning to emerge. Nevertheless, the role of rechallenge in immunotherapy in this setting of disease remains unclear and cannot be considered a standard of care; currently some randomized trials are exploring this approach in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The aim of our review is to summarize main evidence available in the literature concerning immunotherapy rechallenge in renal carcinoma, especially focusing on biological rationale of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors, on the published data of clinical efficacy and on future perspectives