Nem invazív lélegeztetés alkalmazása kritikus állapotú betegekben = Use of noninvasive ventilation in critically ill patients

Absztrakt: Bevezetés: A nem invazív lélegeztetés alkalmazása világszerte terjed. Számos kórkép esetén bizonyították mortalitásbeli előnyét az invazív lélegeztetéssel szemben. A technika leggyakoribb ellenérvei a nagy eszköz- és ellátó személyzeti igény, valamint a sikertelen kezeléssel járó fokozott mortalitás. Célkitűzés: Jelen munkánk célja az volt, hogy bemutassuk az intenzív osztályon alkalmazott nem invazív lélegeztetéssel nyert tapasztalatainkat. Módszer: A Semmelweis Egyetemen 2014 és 2016 között működő Légzési Intenzív Osztály nem invazív lélegeztetéssel kezelt betegeinek adatait dolgoztuk fel retrospektív módon. A statisztikai elemzést Mann–Whitney-féle U-teszttel, illetve Z-teszttel, a rizikóarány-számítást χ-négyzet-próbával végeztük. Eredmények: A vizsgált 301 beteg közül 147 részesült iniciális nem invazív lélegeztetésben. A konverziós arány 24,5% volt. A legnagyobb sikertelenségi arány az immundeficientiához kapcsolt tüdőgyulladás, az interszticiális tüdőbetegség és a tüdőgyulladásos kórképekhez volt köthető (71,4%, 33,3%, illetve 31,6%), míg a nem invazív lélegeztetés cardialis tüdőödémában és hypercapniás légzési elégtelenségben volt a legsikeresebb (0%-os, illetve 16,7%-os konverziós igény). A konverzióra szoruló betegcsoport mortalitása (33,3%) szignifikánsan magasabb volt mind az iniciálisan invazívan lélegeztetett (24,5%), mind a sikeresen nem invazívan lélegeztetett betegcsoporténál (3,6%); az iniciális invazív lélegeztetési igény 2,65-szörös mortalitásemelkedést (OR = 2,65, 95% CI = 1,305–5,374, p = 0,009), a lélegeztetés konverziójának szükségessége 13,33-szoros mortalitásemelkedést (OR = 13,33; 95% CI 3,278–54,238; p<0,001) jelentett. Az intenzíves mortalitást számoló pontrendszerek nem jelezték előre a sikertelen nem invazív lélegeztetést. Következtetés: A nem invazív lélegeztetés magyar viszonylatban is széles körű indikációval, sikeresen alkalmazható kezelési mód, mely bizonyos kórképekben javítja a túlélést az invazív lélegeztetéssel szemben. A nem megfelelő indikációval végzett nem invazív lélegeztetés sikertelensége és várható mortalitása fokozott lehet. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(45): 1831–1837. | Abstract: Introduction: The use of noninvasive ventilation has increased worldwide. Its mortality reducing benefit has been shown in several different conditions compared to invasive ventilation. Common counterarguments against the technique are its increased technical and caregiver requirements and increased mortality associated with treatment failure. Aim: The aim of our work was to describe our experiences with noninvasive ventilation in the intensive care unit. Method: We reviewed patient data from the Respiratory Intensive Care unit of Semmelweis University operated from 2014 to 2016. Statistical analysis was performed by Mann–Whitney U test and Z-test; odds ratio was calculated with χ-square test. Results: Out of the 301 patients analyzed, 147 received noninvasive ventilation. Noninvasive failure rate was 24.5%. The highest failure rate was associated with immunodeficiency associated pneumonia, interstitial lung disease and pneumonia (71.4%, 33.3% and 31.6%), while noninvasive ventilation was the most successful in cardiogenic pulmonary edema and hypercapnic respiratory failure (0 and 16.7% failure rate). Treatment failure was associated with significantly higher mortality (33.3%) compared to patients initially ventilated invasively (24.5%) and patients successfully treated with noninvasive ventilation (3.6%), resulting in a 2.65-fold mortality increase in invasively ventilated patients (OR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.305–5.374, p = 0.009), and a 13.33-fold mortality increase in noninvasive failure patients (OR = 13.33; 95% CI 3.278–54.238; p<0.001). Outcome scores did not predict noninvasive failure. Conclusion: Noninvasive ventilation is a widely used, effective treatment mode which can improve the outcome in certain diseases compared to invasive ventilation. Noninvasive ventilation in incorrect indications could, however, lead to increased failure rates and mortality. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(45): 1831–1837

Az obesitas-hypoventilatiós szindróma kezelése és utánkövetése

Bevezetés: Az obesitas-hypoventilatiós szindróma (OHS) a tartós otthoni noninvazív légzéstámogatás leggyakoribb indikációja világszerte. Magyarországon ma még kevés adat áll rendelkezésre előfordulásáról és kimeneteléről, bár a tartós otthoni lélegeztetés finanszírozási és terápiás lehetőségei közel egy évtizede elérhetők. Célkitűzés: Vizsgálatunk célja az volt, hogy a Semmelweis Egyetem Otthoni Lélegeztetési Programjában gondozott OHS-páciensek rövid és hosszú távú klinikai mutatóit elemezzük, különös tekintettel a betegek hosszú távú túlélésére. Módszer: Prospektív vizsgálatunk során azokat az OHS-pácienseket követtük nyomon, akik esetében a tartós légzéstámogatás 2018. 01. 01. és 2023. 01. 30. között indult. Eredmények: A vizsgálatba 63 OHS-beteget vontunk be. A hosszú távú légzéstámogatás 25 (40%) esetben elektíven, 38 (60%) esetben pedig akut légzési elégtelenség kezelését követően került beállításra. 6 hónap lélegeztetésterápiát követően a betegek 96,83%-a (61 páciens) jó együttműködést mutatott a terápiával. A kontrollvizsgálat adatai alapján a betegek átlagosan napi 7,49 (± 2,92) órát használták a noninvazív lélegeztetőgépet, és 54 páciens (86%) esetében elérhető volt a normocapnia. A 63 beteg teljes gondozási ideje a megfigyelési időszak (67 hónap) alatt átlagosan 32,51 (± 18,45) hónap volt, és 6 hónaptól 66 hónapig terjedt. Számításunk alapján a vizsgálatban részt vevők 5 éves kumulatív túlélése 86% volt. Következtetés: Az OHS-betegek a protokoll szerinti, célorientált tartós légzéstámogatás mellett igen jó klinikai eredményekre és a nemzetközi irodalmi adatokhoz képest is kiemelkedő túlélésre számíthatnak. Orv Hetil. 2024; 165(10): 385–392

Prevalence of suspected obesity hypoventilation syndrome in Hungarian Intensive Care Units during the COVID‐19 pandemic

Abstract Introduction The symptoms of obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) may be present for years with concomitant progressive comorbidities, and the condition is frequently diagnosed late as a result of acute‐on‐chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure. Although some data exist on intensive care unit (ICU) prevalence, mortality and morbidity of OHS, little is known about the ICU mortality of these chronic respiratory failure patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Methods We performed a cross‐sectional observational study in five Hungarian Intensive Care Units for 4 months during the COVID‐19 pandemic. All ICU patients were screened for OHS risk factors by treating physicians. Risk factors were defined as obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2) and at least one of the following: Epworth Sleepiness Score ≥ 6; symptoms of right heart failure; daytime or night‐time hypoxemia; presence of loud snoring; witnessed apnoea. We calculated prevalence, mortality and factors associated with unfavourable outcome. Results A total of 904 ICU patients were screened for OHS risk factors. Overall 79 (8.74 ± 5.53%) patients were reported to have met the criteria for suspected OHS with a mortality rate of 40.5%; 69% (54 patients) of the cohort displayed at least 3 symptoms related to OHS before their acute illness. COVID‐19 infection was associated with higher mortality in OHS‐suspected patients, independently of actual BMI. Conclusion Despite the increased risk of obese patients, suspected OHS did not show higher prevalence than expected during the COVID‐19 pandemic in critically ill patients. COVID‐19 infection however was a risk for mortality in these patients, independent of actual BMI

Using intra-breath oscillometry in obesity hypoventilation syndrome to detect tidal expiratory flow limitation: a potential marker to optimize CPAP therapy

Abstract Background Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy has profound effects in obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). Current therapy initiation focuses on upper airway patency rather than the assessment of altered respiratory mechanics due to increased extrapulmonary mechanical load. Methods We aimed to examine the viability of intra-breath oscillometry in optimizing CPAP therapy for OHS. We performed intra-breath oscillometry at 10 Hz in the sitting and supine positions, followed by measurements at increasing CPAP levels (none-5-10-15-20 cmH2O) in awake OHS patients. We plotted intra-breath resistance and reactance (Xrs) values against flow (V’) and volume (V) to identify tidal expiratory flow limitation (tEFL). Results Thirty-five patients (65.7% male) completed the study. We found a characteristic looping of the Xrs vs V’ plot in all patients in the supine position revealing tEFL: Xrs fell with decreasing flow at end-expiration. Intra-breath variables representing expiratory decrease of Xrs became more negative in the supine position [end-expiratory Xrs (mean ± SD): -1.9 ± 1.8 cmH2O·s·L− 1 sitting vs. -4.2 ± 2.2 cmH2O·s·L− 1 supine; difference between end-expiratory and end-inspiratory Xrs: -1.3 ± 1.7 cmH2O·s·L− 1 sitting vs. -3.6 ± 2.0 cmH2O·s·L− 1 supine, p < 0.001]. Increasing CPAP altered expiratory Xrs values and loop areas, suggesting diminished tEFL (p < 0.001). ‘Optimal CPAP’ value (able to cease tEFL) was 14.8 ± 4.1 cmH2O in our cohort, close to the long-term support average of 13.01(± 2.97) cmH2O but not correlated. We found no correlation between forced spirometry values, patient characteristics, apnea-hypopnea index and intra-breath oscillometry variables. Conclusions tEFL, worsened by the supine position, can be diminished by stepwise CPAP application in most patients. Intra-breath oscillometry is a viable method to detect tEFL during CPAP initiation in OHS patients and tEFL is a possible target for optimizing therapy in OHS patients

Current Wildland Fire Patterns and Challenges in Europe : A Synthesis of National Perspectives

Changes in climate, land use, and land management impact the occurrence and severity of wildland fires in many parts of the world. This is particularly evident in Europe, where ongoing changes in land use have strongly modified fire patterns over the last decades. Although satellite data by the European Forest Fire Information System provide large-scale wildland fire statistics across European countries, there is still a crucial need to collect and summarize in-depth local analysis and understanding of the wildland fire condition and associated challenges across Europe. This article aims to provide a general overview of the current wildland fire patterns and challenges as perceived by national representatives, supplemented by national fire statistics (2009–2018) across Europe. For each of the 31 countries included, we present a perspective authored by scientists or practitioners from each respective country, representing a wide range of disciplines and cultural backgrounds. The authors were selected from members of the COST Action “Fire and the Earth System: Science & Society” funded by the European Commission with the aim to share knowledge and improve communication about wildland fire. Where relevant, a brief overview of key studies, particular wildland fire challenges a country is facing, and an overview of notable recent fire events are also presented. Key perceived challenges included (1) the lack of consistent and detailed records for wildland fire events, within and across countries, (2) an increase in wildland fires that pose a risk to properties and human life due to high population densities and sprawl into forested regions, and (3) the view that, irrespective of changes in management, climate change is likely to increase the frequency and impact of wildland fires in the coming decades. Addressing challenge (1) will not only be valuable in advancing national and pan-European wildland fire management strategies, but also in evaluating perceptions (2) and (3) against more robust quantitative evidence

Current wildland fire patterns and challenges in Europe: a synthesis of national perspectives

Summarization: Changes in climate, land use, and land management impact the occurrence and severity of wildland fires in many parts of the world. This is particularly evident in Europe, where ongoing changes in land use have strongly modified fire patterns over the last decades. Although satellite data by the European Forest Fire Information System provide large-scale wildland fire statistics across European countries, there is still a crucial need to collect and summarize in-depth local analysis and understanding of the wildland fire condition and associated challenges across Europe. This article aims to provide a general overview of the current wildland fire patterns and challenges as perceived by national representatives, supplemented by national fire statistics (2009–2018) across Europe. For each of the 31 countries included, we present a perspective authored by scientists or practitioners from each respective country, representing a wide range of disciplines and cultural backgrounds. The authors were selected from members of the COST Action “Fire and the Earth System: Science & Society” funded by the European Commission with the aim to share knowledge and improve communication about wildland fire. Where relevant, a brief overview of key studies, particular wildland fire challenges a country is facing, and an overview of notable recent fire events are also presented. Key perceived challenges included (1) the lack of consistent and detailed records for wildland fire events, within and across countries, (2) an increase in wildland fires that pose a risk to properties and human life due to high population densities and sprawl into forested regions, and (3) the view that, irrespective of changes in management, climate change is likely to increase the frequency and impact of wildland fires in the coming decades. Addressing challenge (1) will not only be valuable in advancing national and pan-European wildland fire management strategies, but also in evaluating perceptions (2) and (3) against more robust quantitative evidence.Presented on