Happiness and development : the effect of mental well-being on economic growth

This paper examines the impact of overall happiness of citizens on economic growth across countries. We first document a robust positive correlation between overall happiness level and economic growth across countries, and then exploit the variation in sex imbalance, a factor that impedes normal mating and thus causes unhappiness, to instrument happiness and identify its causal impact on economic growth. Our results show that happiness has a positive causal effect on economic growth. Other things being equal, a one-standard-deviation increase in happiness raises growth rate by approximately two percentage points. In addition, we find that life expectancy and investment ratio are two possible channels through which happiness works

2例十二指肠完全离断合并右半结肠损伤的护理体会

Objective: To study the nursing of patients suffering from completely severed duodenum with right-side colon injury. Method: To sum up the experience and understanding about mental nursing, basic nursing, nutritional support and drainage nursing by retrospectively analyzing the clinical data of two cases of patients suffering from completely severed duodenum with right-side colon injury. Result: One patient recovers almost to normal after surgery without any complication. Another patient suffers from abdominal residual infection after surgery and recovers passably by anti-inflammatory symptomatic treatment. Conclusion: Completely severed duodenum with right-side colon injury is the most complicated and intractable trauma of abdomen. The reasonable surgery method, the proper therapeutic measure and the intensive nursing are keys to successful cure.目的  探讨十二指肠离断合并右半结肠损伤病人的护理。方法  回顾分析2例严重十二指肠离断合并右半结肠损伤病人的临床资料，总结在心理护理、基础护理、营养支持及引流管护理等方面的经验与体会。结果  1例病人术后恢复良好，未出现任何并发症。1例恢复尚可，后出现腹腔残余感染，经抗炎对症处理而愈。结论 十二指肠损伤是最复杂，最难处理，同时又是最难救治的一种腹部创伤。合理的手术方式、正确的治疗措施及精心的术后护理是救治成功的关键

Reducing the Tension Between the BICEP2 and the Planck Measurements: A Complete Exploration of the Parameter Space

A large inflationary tensor-to-scalar ratio $r_\mathrm{0.002} = 0.20^{+0.07}_{-0.05}$ is reported by the BICEP2 team based on their B-mode polarization detection, which is outside of the $95\%$ confidence level of the Planck best fit model. We explore several possible ways to reduce the tension between the two by considering a model in which $\alpha_\mathrm{s}$, $n_\mathrm{t}$, $n_\mathrm{s}$ and the neutrino parameters $N_\mathrm{eff}$ and $\Sigma m_\mathrm{\nu}$ are set as free parameters. Using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique to survey the complete parameter space with and without the BICEP2 data, we find that the resulting constraints on $r_\mathrm{0.002}$ are consistent with each other and the apparent tension seems to be relaxed. Further detailed investigations on those fittings suggest that $N_\mathrm{eff}$ probably plays the most important role in reducing the tension. We also find that the results obtained from fitting without adopting the consistency relation do not deviate much from the consistency relation. With available Planck, WMAP, BICEP2 and BAO datasets all together, we obtain $r_{0.002} = 0.14_{-0.11}^{+0.05}$, $n_\mathrm{t} = 0.35_{-0.47}^{+0.28}$, $n_\mathrm{s}=0.98_{-0.02}^{+0.02}$, and $\alpha_\mathrm{s}=-0.0086_{-0.0189}^{+0.0148}$; if the consistency relation is adopted, we get $r_{0.002} = 0.22_{-0.06}^{+0.05}$.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, submitted to PL