Very-low-birth-weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, May 1991 through December 1992

OBJECTIVES: Our goals were to determine the mortality risk for infants weighing 501 to 1500 gm according to gestational age, birth weight, and gender and to document birth weight-related changes in mortality and morbidity over a 5-year time period. STUDY DESIGN: In this observational study perinatal data were prospectively collected by the 12 participating centers of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network from May 1991 through December 1992 and compared with the corresponding data from 1987 through 1990. Standard definitions were used to record sociodemographic factors, perinatal events, and the neonatal course to 120 days of life, discharge, or death. RESULTS: The 1991 and 1992 cohort included 4279 in-born infants. Among their mothers 10% were < 18 years old; 55% were black, 31% were white, and 11% were Hispanic; 14% had receivedno prenatal care; and 20% had received antenatal corticosteroids. Multiple gestations accounted for 20% of the births. Fifty percent of the infants were delivered by cesarean section. During 1991 and 1992 the overall survival for infants weighing 501 to 1500 gm at birth was 81%, compared with 74% in 1987 and 1988. Survival at birth weight 501 to 750 gm was 44%; it was 81% at 751 to 1000 gm. 92% at 1001 to 1250 gm, and 95% between 1251 and 1500 gm. Female infants had a significantly greater chance of surviving than male infants at similar birth weights and gestational ages. At any given gestational age, smaller infants were less likely to survive. Survival in all birth weight categories increased between 1987 and 1992, without accompanying increases in medical morbidity. Major morbidity increased with decreasing birth weight and included late-onset septicemia 22%, chronic lung disease (oxygen dependence at 36 weeks' corrected age) 18%, severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grades III and IV) 11%, and necrotizing enterocolitis 5%. Twelve percent of all infants were treated with corticosteroids for chronic lung disease, including 36% of infants who were oxygen dependent at age 28 days. The mean length of hospital stay was 69 days for survivors and 18 days for infants who died. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality for infants between 501 and 1500 gm at birth has declined over the past 5 years. There are interactions between birth weight, gestational age, gender, and survival rate. This increase in survival was not accompanied by an increase in medical morbidity

Changes in pathogens causing early-onset sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants

It is uncertain whether the rates and causes of early-onset sepsis (that occurring within 72 hours after birth) among very-low-birth-weight infants have changed in recent years, since antibiotics have begun to be used more widely during labor and delivery. We studied 5447 very-low-birth-weight infants (those weighing between 401 and 1500 g) born at centers of the Neonatal Research Network of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development between 1998 and 2000 who had at least one blood culture in the first three days of life and compared them with 7606 very-low-birth-weight infants born at centers in the network between 1991 and 1993. Early-onset sepsis (as confirmed by positive blood cultures) was present in 84 infants in the more recent birth cohort (1.5 percent). As compared with the earlier birth cohort, there was a marked reduction in group B streptococcal sepsis (from 5.9 to 1.7 per 1000 live births of infants weighing 401 to 1500 g, P<0.001) and an increase in Escherichia coli sepsis (from 3.2 to 6.8 per 1000 live births, P=0.004); the overall rate of early-onset sepsis was not significantly changed. Most E. coli isolates from the recent birth cohort (85 percent) were resistant to ampicillin, and mothers of infants with ampicillin-resistant E. coli infections were more likely to have received intrapartum ampicillin than were those with ampicillin-sensitive strains (26 of 28 with sensitivity data vs. 1 of 5, P=0.01). Infants with early-onset sepsis were more likely to die than uninfected infants (37 percent vs. 13 percent, P<0.001), especially if they were infected with gram-negative organisms. Early-onset sepsis remains an uncommon but potentially lethal problem among very-low-birth-weight infants. The change in pathogens over time from predominantly gram-positive to predominantly gram-negative requires confirmation by ongoing surveillance

Outcomes of very low birth weight twins cared for in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network’s intensive care units

OBJECTIVE: The study’s aim was to compare outcomes of very low birth weight twins with those of matched singletons. STUDY DESIGN: With data from the Neonatal Research Network registry (May 1991 to December 1994), univariable and multivariable comparisons of very low birth weight twin pairs and singletons were performed in 2 subgroups: (1) all paired twins and singletons with birth weights between 401 and 1500 g and (2) all paired twins and singletons born at <28 weeks’ gestation. RESULTS: Twins constituted 19% of infants admitted with very low birth weight. Mothers of twins were more likely to receive prenatal care, have labor, have cesarean delivery, and receive antenatal glucocorticoids. Twins were more likely to have respiratory disease and to receive surfactant. Second-born twins had more early respiratory disease but similar longer-term outcomes. The risks of death, chronic lung disease, and grade III or IV intracranial hemorrhage were similar in twins and singletons. CONCLUSIONS: Although very low birth weight twins compose a sizable proportion of admissions, in National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network intensive care units, twins and singletons have similar outcomes. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:742-9.