Deep learning for extracting protein-protein interactions from biomedical literature

State-of-the-art methods for protein-protein interaction (PPI) extraction are primarily feature-based or kernel-based by leveraging lexical and syntactic information. But how to incorporate such knowledge in the recent deep learning methods remains an open question. In this paper, we propose a multichannel dependency-based convolutional neural network model (McDepCNN). It applies one channel to the embedding vector of each word in the sentence, and another channel to the embedding vector of the head of the corresponding word. Therefore, the model can use richer information obtained from different channels. Experiments on two public benchmarking datasets, AIMed and BioInfer, demonstrate that McDepCNN compares favorably to the state-of-the-art rich-feature and single-kernel based methods. In addition, McDepCNN achieves 24.4% relative improvement in F1-score over the state-of-the-art methods on cross-corpus evaluation and 12% improvement in F1-score over kernel-based methods on "difficult" instances. These results suggest that McDepCNN generalizes more easily over different corpora, and is capable of capturing long distance features in the sentences.Comment: Accepted for publication in Proceedings of the 2017 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing, 10 pages, 2 figures, 6 table

Uniqueness of asymptotic cones of complete noncompact shrinking gradient Ricci solitons with Ricci curvature decay

We discuss an elementary consequence of the works of (1) Brett Kotschwar and Lu Wang and (2) Ovidiu Munteanu and Jiaping Wang