70 research outputs found
Discrepancy Matters: Learning from Inconsistent Decoder Features for Consistent Semi-supervised Medical Image Segmentation
Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has been proven beneficial for mitigating the
issue of limited labeled data especially on the task of volumetric medical
image segmentation. Unlike previous SSL methods which focus on exploring highly
confident pseudo-labels or developing consistency regularization schemes, our
empirical findings suggest that inconsistent decoder features emerge naturally
when two decoders strive to generate consistent predictions. Based on the
observation, we first analyze the treasure of discrepancy in learning towards
consistency, under both pseudo-labeling and consistency regularization
settings, and subsequently propose a novel SSL method called LeFeD, which
learns the feature-level discrepancy obtained from two decoders, by feeding the
discrepancy as a feedback signal to the encoder. The core design of LeFeD is to
enlarge the difference by training differentiated decoders, and then learn from
the inconsistent information iteratively. We evaluate LeFeD against eight
state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods on three public datasets. Experiments show
LeFeD surpasses competitors without any bells and whistles such as uncertainty
estimation and strong constraints, as well as setting a new state-of-the-art
for semi-supervised medical image segmentation. Code is available at
\textcolor{cyan}{https://github.com/maxwell0027/LeFeD
A Study on the Psychological Characteristics and Intervention of “Lie Flat” Young College Students in Xi’an China
In the past two years, the term “Lying flat” has become popular rapidly. Lacking willpower, academic anxiety, employment pressure and other factors are the reasons for young people gradually lying flat. In order to escape the standard of success of social monism, people who immersed in the virtual world isolated themselves in the personal world. In order to ignore the external voices, they covered their ears. Rather than say not caring about the outside world’s opinions, they are more likely to be stubborn in their own “Intention”. The times are progressing. Young people are also the followers of the times and the trailblazers in life. Our young people should strive for self-improvement, keep the fervour for life, and pay attention to the psychology of the “Lying down” young people, it is of great significance to interfere with the growth of “Lying flat” youth, we should face up to the spiritual essence reflected by the phenomenon of “Lying flat”. The posture of the striver is always the same in the turn of the times. It is necessary to create a fair competition environment, strengthen the psychological supervision of the youth, and establish correct values, thus helping the “Lying flat” youth change into the “Struggling” youth
Segment Together: A Versatile Paradigm for Semi-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation
Annotation scarcity has become a major obstacle for training powerful
deep-learning models for medical image segmentation, restricting their
deployment in clinical scenarios. To address it, semi-supervised learning by
exploiting abundant unlabeled data is highly desirable to boost the model
training. However, most existing works still focus on limited medical tasks and
underestimate the potential of learning across diverse tasks and multiple
datasets. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a \textbf{Ver}satile
\textbf{Semi}-supervised framework (VerSemi) to point out a new perspective
that integrates various tasks into a unified model with a broad label space, to
exploit more unlabeled data for semi-supervised medical image segmentation.
Specifically, we introduce a dynamic task-prompted design to segment various
targets from different datasets. Next, this unified model is used to identify
the foreground regions from all labeled data, to capture cross-dataset
semantics. Particularly, we create a synthetic task with a cutmix strategy to
augment foreground targets within the expanded label space. To effectively
utilize unlabeled data, we introduce a consistency constraint. This involves
aligning aggregated predictions from various tasks with those from the
synthetic task, further guiding the model in accurately segmenting foreground
regions during training. We evaluated our VerSemi model on four public
benchmarking datasets. Extensive experiments demonstrated that VerSemi can
consistently outperform the second-best method by a large margin (e.g., an
average 2.69\% Dice gain on four datasets), setting new SOTA performance for
semi-supervised medical image segmentation. The code will be released
Experimental study on the hydraulic fracture propagation of laminar argillaceous limestone continental shale
Laminar argillaceous limestone continental shale is an important oil reservoir in Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin of China. Affected by the laminar structure, the spatial propagation morphology of hydraulic fracturing is not clear. To reveal the propagation law of hydraulic fracturing pathway in laminar marl continental shale, the mineral content and basic rock mechanics test are firstly carried out on the cores from the wells in Jiyang Depression. Secondly the similar material cores with standard-size and large-size are manufactured and processed. Finally, combined with physical model experiments, acoustic emission and moment tensor inversion techniques, the hydraulic fracturing experiments on the large-size cores under different stress differences are conducted. The experimental results show that the in situ stress (confining stresses), laminar structure, and lithological distribution jointly affect the propagation mode of fractures. As the horizontal stress difference increases, the stimulated reservoir volume gradually decreases, and the number of shear fractures decreases accordingly. Macroscopically, the pump pressure curve shows obvious fluctuation in the case with lower horizontal stress difference, which is the external performance of hydraulic fracture initiation–obstruction–turning–penetrating–obstruction–turning. The content of brittle and plastic minerals has a significant impact on the fracture complexity, particularly the layers with high argillaceous content have a significant inhibitory effect on fracture propagation. The weakly cemented lamination or bedding plane is easy to capture the fracture and make it propagate along the bedding plane, thereby increasing the complexity of fracture network. The research results are expected to provide a theoretical reference for design and optimization of hydraulic fracturing parameter in continental shale oil exploration and development
Normalization Enhances Generalization in Visual Reinforcement Learning
Recent advances in visual reinforcement learning (RL) have led to impressive
success in handling complex tasks. However, these methods have demonstrated
limited generalization capability to visual disturbances, which poses a
significant challenge for their real-world application and adaptability. Though
normalization techniques have demonstrated huge success in supervised and
unsupervised learning, their applications in visual RL are still scarce. In
this paper, we explore the potential benefits of integrating normalization into
visual RL methods with respect to generalization performance. We find that,
perhaps surprisingly, incorporating suitable normalization techniques is
sufficient to enhance the generalization capabilities, without any additional
special design. We utilize the combination of two normalization techniques,
CrossNorm and SelfNorm, for generalizable visual RL. Extensive experiments are
conducted on DMControl Generalization Benchmark and CARLA to validate the
effectiveness of our method. We show that our method significantly improves
generalization capability while only marginally affecting sample efficiency. In
particular, when integrated with DrQ-v2, our method enhances the test
performance of DrQ-v2 on CARLA across various scenarios, from 14% of the
training performance to 97%
Distance-rank Aware Sequential Reward Learning for Inverse Reinforcement Learning with Sub-optimal Demonstrations
Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) aims to explicitly infer an underlying
reward function based on collected expert demonstrations. Considering that
obtaining expert demonstrations can be costly, the focus of current IRL
techniques is on learning a better-than-demonstrator policy using a reward
function derived from sub-optimal demonstrations. However, existing IRL
algorithms primarily tackle the challenge of trajectory ranking ambiguity when
learning the reward function. They overlook the crucial role of considering the
degree of difference between trajectories in terms of their returns, which is
essential for further removing reward ambiguity. Additionally, it is important
to note that the reward of a single transition is heavily influenced by the
context information within the trajectory. To address these issues, we
introduce the Distance-rank Aware Sequential Reward Learning (DRASRL)
framework. Unlike existing approaches, DRASRL takes into account both the
ranking of trajectories and the degrees of dissimilarity between them to
collaboratively eliminate reward ambiguity when learning a sequence of
contextually informed reward signals. Specifically, we leverage the distance
between policies, from which the trajectories are generated, as a measure to
quantify the degree of differences between traces. This distance-aware
information is then used to infer embeddings in the representation space for
reward learning, employing the contrastive learning technique. Meanwhile, we
integrate the pairwise ranking loss function to incorporate ranking information
into the latent features. Moreover, we resort to the Transformer architecture
to capture the contextual dependencies within the trajectories in the latent
space, leading to more accurate reward estimation. Through extensive
experimentation, our DRASRL framework demonstrates significant performance
improvements over previous SOTA methods
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Synergistic effects of neck circumference and metabolic risk factors on insulin resistance: the Cardiometabolic Risk in Chinese (CRC) study
Objectives: Recent studies have associated neck circumference (NC) with insulin resistance (IR). We examined whether such relation was modified by other metabolic risk factors. Methods: The study samples were from a community-based health examination survey in central China. A total of 2588 apparently healthy Chinese men and women were included. Results: Plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, uric acid (UA) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were independently associated with NC after adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) (P = 0.009, 0.001, 0.015 and 0.015, respectively). We observed significant interactions of NC with triglyceride (TG) and UA (all the p for interaction = 0.001) in relation to HOMA-IR. It appeared that the associations between NC and HOMA-IR were more evident in those with higher UA or TG level. Conclusions: Our data indicate that in apparently healthy Chinese adults, there were synergistic effects of UA, TG and neck circumference on insulin resistance
Learning Better with Less: Effective Augmentation for Sample-Efficient Visual Reinforcement Learning
Data augmentation (DA) is a crucial technique for enhancing the sample
efficiency of visual reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. Notably, employing
simple observation transformations alone can yield outstanding performance
without extra auxiliary representation tasks or pre-trained encoders. However,
it remains unclear which attributes of DA account for its effectiveness in
achieving sample-efficient visual RL. To investigate this issue and further
explore the potential of DA, this work conducts comprehensive experiments to
assess the impact of DA's attributes on its efficacy and provides the following
insights and improvements: (1) For individual DA operations, we reveal that
both ample spatial diversity and slight hardness are indispensable. Building on
this finding, we introduce Random PadResize (Rand PR), a new DA operation that
offers abundant spatial diversity with minimal hardness. (2) For multi-type DA
fusion schemes, the increased DA hardness and unstable data distribution result
in the current fusion schemes being unable to achieve higher sample efficiency
than their corresponding individual operations. Taking the non-stationary
nature of RL into account, we propose a RL-tailored multi-type DA fusion scheme
called Cycling Augmentation (CycAug), which performs periodic cycles of
different DA operations to increase type diversity while maintaining data
distribution consistency. Extensive evaluations on the DeepMind Control suite
and CARLA driving simulator demonstrate that our methods achieve superior
sample efficiency compared with the prior state-of-the-art methods.Comment: NeurIPS 2023 poste
Electronic properties of monolayer copper selenide with one-dimensional moir\'e patterns
Strain engineering is a vital way to manipulate the electronic properties of
two-dimensional (2D) materials. As a typical representative of transition metal
mono-chalcogenides (TMMs), a honeycomb CuSe monolayer features with
one-dimensional (1D) moir\'e patterns owing to the uniaxial strain along one of
three equivalent orientations of Cu(111) substrates. Here, by combining
low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/S) experiments
and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we systematically investigate
the electronic properties of the strained CuSe monolayer on the Cu(111)
substrate. Our results show the semiconducting feature of CuSe monolayer with a
band gap of 1.28 eV and the 1D periodical modulation of electronic properties
by the 1D moir\'e patterns. Except for the uniaxially strained CuSe monolayer,
we observed domain boundary and line defects in the CuSe monolayer, where the
biaxial-strain and strain-free conditions can be investigated respectively. STS
measurements for the three different strain regions show that the first peak in
conduction band will move downward with the increasing strain. DFT calculations
based on the three CuSe atomic models with different strain inside reproduced
the peak movement. The present findings not only enrich the fundamental
comprehension toward the influence of strain on electronic properties at 2D
limit, but also offer the benchmark for the development of 2D semiconductor
materials.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, 25 referenc
Prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
BackgroundSarcopenia often occurs as a comorbidity in many diseases which ultimately affects patient prognosis. However, it has received little attention in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in patients with IPF.MethodsEmbase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were searched using relevant MeSH terms until December 31, 2022. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for quality assessment and data analysis were performed using Stata MP 17.0 (Texas, USA). A random effects model was adopted to account for differences between articles, and the I2 statistic was used to describe statistical heterogeneities. Overall pooled estimates obtained from a random effects model were estimated using the metan command. Forest plots were generated to graphically represent the data of the meta-analysis. Meta-regression analysis was used for count or continuous variables. Egger test was used to evaluate publication bias and, if publication bias was observed, the trim and fill method was used.Main resultsThe search results showed 154 studies, and five studies (three cross-section and two cohort studies) with 477 participants were finally included. No significant heterogeneity was observed among studies included in the meta-analysis (I2 = 16.00%) and our study's publication bias is low (Egger test, p = 0.266). The prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with IPF was 26% (95% CI, 0.22–0.31). The risk factors for sarcopenia in patients with IPF were age (p = 0.0131), BMI (p = 0.001), FVC% (p < 0.001), FEV1% (p = 0.006), DLco% (p ≤ 0.001), and GAP score (p = 0.003).ConclusionsThe pooled prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with IPF was 26%. The risk factors for sarcopenia in IPF patients were age, BMI, FVC%, FEV1%, DLco%, and GAP score. It is important to identify these risk factors as early as possible to improve the life quality of patients with IPF
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