Evaluating the Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule: The Problem of Police Compliance with the Law

Part I of this article reviews background matters bearing on our research - in particular, we discuss the Court\u27s framework for analyzing exclusion as a deterrent safeguard, the research questions that need to be raised within that framework, and the research strategy we adopted in light of the Court\u27s approach to exclusion. Part II analyzes our findings on police knowledge of the rules of search and seizure. Part III analyzes our findings on officers\u27 willingness to obey the law. Part IV evaluates our findings in light of policy questions concerning the exclusionary rule. We consider whether the Court should retain the exclusionary rule or whether it should modify the rule by allowing for a good faith exception for officers\u27 mistakes in carrying out searches and seizures. We conclude that the exclusionary rule is the least undesirable remedy for nonegregious violations of the fourth amendment and that a general good faith exception to the rule should not be adopted

Weed Control in Corn

Weeds are tough competitors with all crops. And the corn years of your rotation provide as good an opportunity as you\u27ll get to really kill weeds

A Killer for Weeds in Soybeans

Timely use of the rotary hoe is an effective killer for weeds in soybeams. In this article, three Iowa State College scientists report directly to you on their tests comparing different weed-control methods

Applied Force and sEMG Muscle Activity Required To Operate Pistol Grip Control in an Electric Utility Aerial Bucket

Electric utility line workers report high levels of fatigue in forearm muscles when operating a conventional pistol grip control in aerial buckets. This study measured the applied force and surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals from four upper extremity muscles required to operate the pistol grip control in two tasks. The first task was movement of the pistol grip in six directions (up/down, forward/rearward, clockwise/counter-clockwise), and the second task was movement of the bucket from its resting position on the truck bed to an overhead conductor on top of a 40 ft tall pole. The force applied to the pistol grip was measured in 14 aerial bucket trucks, and sEMG activity was measured on eight apprentice line workers. The applied force required to move the pistol grip control in the six directions ranged from 12 to 15 lb. The sEMG activity in the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) forearm muscle was approximately twice as great or more than the other three muscles (flexor digitorum superficialis, triceps, and biceps). Line workers exerted 14 to 30% MVCEMG to move the pistol grip in the six directions. Average %MVCEMG of the EDC to move the bucket from the truck platform to an overhead line ranged from 26 to 30% across the four phases of the task. The sEMG findings from this study provide physiologic evidence to support the anecdotal reports of muscle fatigue from line workers after using the pistol grip control for repeated, long durations

DDT Granules - A New Way to Kill Corn Borers

The European corn borer actually is a misnamed insect. At least two-thirds of the worm stage of its life is spent feeding on the surface of leaves and leaf sheaths. Only during the latter part of its life does it tunnel into the stalk and become a borer

For corn and soybeans - Narrow Rows

There\u27s yield advantage, but costs, too, in narrow rows as compared to 40-inch rows for corn and soybeans. Since costs of changing to narrow rows will vary from farm to farm, each farmer must decide his own best time, if ever, to change

Linking Social Media Marketing and Brand Loyalty: The Mediating Role of Brand Gestalt

This study investigates the relationship between social media marketing (SMM), brand gestalt, and brand loyalty. Using a quantitative survey, this research focuses on customers of the online store VictoriaThings. A convenience sampling method was employed, resulting in 265 participants in the survey. After confirming validity and reliability, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the hypotheses. The findings reveal a significant relationship between SMM and the four dimensions of brand gestalt (Story, Sensescape, Servicescape, and Stakeholder). Additionally, the dimensions of Sensescape, Servicescape, and Story within the brand gestalt framework emerged as significant predictors of Customer Loyalty. This study offers valuable insights for businesses aiming to develop effective social media marketing strategies that leverage brand gestalt to enhance brand loyalty and achieve strategic goals