An evaluation of the accumulation of intracellular inorganic nitrogen pools by marine microalgae in batch cultures

Métodos de extração, mudanças na concentração durante o crescimento e efeitos de condições de cultivo sobre conteúdos de nitrogênio inorgânico intracelular (NII - amônia, nitrito e nitrato) foram estudados em nove espécies de microalgas marinhas em cultivos estanques. As microalgas foram analisadas para comparar três métodos de extração de NII, um dos quais desenvolvido neste estudo. A extração de NII ocorre de forma eficiente com os três métodos para quatro espécies. Contudo, para cinco espécies diferenças significativas foram encontradas e os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o método novo. As microalgas acumulam formas inorgânicas de nitrogênio em proporções diferentes. As espécies apresentam concentrações de amônia ou nitrato como as mais altas e sempre menores concentrações de nitrito. Microalgas de menores volumes celulares tendem a atingir valores mais altos de NII por micrômetro cúbico (contrariamente para espécies de volumes celulares maiores), com algumas exceções (Amphidinium carterae e Nannochloropsis oculata). A adição de aeração nos cultivos determina um decréscimo na concentração de NII, favorece a assimilação de nitrogênio e gera um aumento na taxa de crescimento e na razão C:N. Concentrações altas de NII são características da fase de crescimento exponencial, mas em alguns casos sua ocorrência pode resultar de deficiência por carbono.Methods of extraction, changes in concentrations with growth, and effects of culture conditions on intracellular inorganic nitrogen pools (IIN - ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate) were studied in nine species of marine microalgae in batch cultures. The microalgae were analysed to compare three methods of extraction of IIN, one of them developed in this study. The extraction of IIN occurs efficient by with all three methods for four out of the nine species tested. However, for five species significant differences were found among the methods, the best results being obtained with the new method. Microalgae accumulate inorganic forms of nitrogen in different proportions. The species show higher concentrations of either ammonia or nitrate, and always lower concentrations of nitrite. Microalgae of smaller cellular volumes tend to attain higher values of IIN per cubic micrometer (the converse in large-volume species), with some exceptions (Amphidinium carterae and Nannochloropsis oculata). The use of aeration in the cultures determines a decrease in the concentrations of IIN, favours nitrogen assimilation, and generates an increase in growth rates and C:N ratio. High concentrations of IIN are characteristic of the exponential growth phase, but in some cases their occurrence may result from carbon deficiency

Carotenoids of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis pevalekii produced under normal conditions and under nutrient limitation

O uso de microalgas e cianobactérias como fontes de nutrientes e substâncias bioativas para alimentos e suplementos alimentares vem despertando grande interesse nos últimos anos. Por meio de cromatografia em coluna aberta com espectrofotometria de absorção, cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de conjunto de diodos, cromatografia em camada delgada e reações de grupos funcionais, foram identificados trans-e cis-²-caroteno, equininona, ²-criptoxantina,3-hidroxi-4'-cetocarotenóide, zeaxantina e 3,3-diidroxi-4'-cetocarotenóide em Synechocystis pevalekii. A cianobactéria Synechocystis pevalekiiapresentou-se verde em condições normais de cultivo devido à presença de clorofilas. Com o cultivo em condições de "stress" (redução de 80% dos nutrientes do meio Conway original), as clorofilas desapareceram e a cianobactéria apresentou coloração laranja. O ²-caroteno diminuiu de 307 para 248 µg/g e a ²-criptoxantina de 94 para 13 µg/g.Por outro lado, a zeaxantina aumentou de 29 para 220 µg/g. S. pevalekii, portanto, apresenta potencial comercial como fonte de zeaxantina, carotenóide apontado como responsável pela ação protetora contra a degeneração macular e catarata, junto com a luteína. Os resultados demonstram que as condições de produção da cianobatéria podem ser estabelecidas de tal forma que a biossíntese de carotenóides importantes para saúde humana, de difícil obtenção, seja favorecida. Já existem várias fontes comerciais de ²-caroteno, mas são raras as fontes de zeaxantina.The use of microalgae and cyanobacteria as sources of nutrients and bioactive substances for food and dietary supplements has attracted a lot of interest in recent years. Through open column chromatography-visible absorption spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector, thin layer chromatography and functional group chemical reactions, trans- and cis-²-carotene, echinenone, ²-cryptoxanthin, 3-hydroxy-4'-ketocarotenoid, zeaxanthin and 3,3-dihydroxy-4'-ketocarotenoid were identified in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis pevalekii. The cianobacterium was green because of the presence of chlorophylls. When cultivated under stress (80% reduction of nutrient content of the original Conway medium) the chlorophylls disappeared and the cyanobacterium assumed an orange color. ²-Carotene decreased from 307 to 248 µg/g and ²-cryptoxanthin from 94 to 13 µg/g. On the other hand, zeaxanthin increased from 29 to 220 µg/g. Thus, S. pevalekii appears to have commercial potential as source of zeaxanthin, which is implicated in the reduction of the risk of macular degeneration and cataract, together with lutein. The results also showed that conditions for the production of the cyanobacterium can be established so that the biosynthesis of carotenoids important to human health, but difficult to obtain, can be favored. There are already several commercial sources of ²-carotene, but sources of zeaxanthin are rare

Nanocast nitrogen-containing ordered mesoporous carbons from glucosamine for selective CO2 capture

D-glucosamine is investigated as a non-toxic and sustainable carbon/nitrogen (C/N) source for the templated synthesis of nitrogen-containing CMK-8 ordered mesoporous carbons (NOMCs) conceived for selective CO2 uptake. Pyrolysis temperature is varied during nanocasting using the KIT-6 silica hard template to tailor microporosity and nitrogen inclusions. NOMCs exhibit large surface area (600–1000 m2 g-1) and excellent pore ordering. The CO2/adsorbent interaction energy is estimated by the isosteric enthalpy of adsorption (∼33–40 kJ mol-1) and Henry's constants. The role of nitrogen content (∼7–12 at.%) and of each type of N-species on CO2 adsorption is studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and CO2/N2 selectivity is attributed, being pyridinic functionalities the most effective ones. NOMCs are tested at different temperatures, gas flow compositions, reversibility, and so on; in all tested conditions, they outperform a homologous bare sucrose-derived carbon. Enhancing micropore volume allows achieving maximum adsorption capacity in pure CO2 (1.47 mmol g−1 at 30 °C/0.9 bar), whereas increasing surface N-content accounts for the highest selectivity in CO2/N2 mixtures (20/80 v/v) at 35 °C/1 bar (maximum CO2 uptake 0.82 mmol g−1). The combination of a suitable C/N precursor and the hard templating synthetic route is effective for obtaining high-performing, sustainable, and reusable selective CO2 sorbents, without any activation steps or N-doping post-treatments

Mesopredator Release by an Emergent Superpredator: A Natural Experiment of Predation in a Three Level Guild

Chakarov N, Krüger O. Mesopredator Release by an Emergent Superpredator: A Natural Experiment of Predation in a Three Level Guild. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(12): e15229.Background: Intraguild predation (IGP) is widespread but it is often neglected that guilds commonly include many layers of dominance within. This could obscure the effects of IGP making unclear whether the intermediate or the bottom mesopredator will bear higher costs from the emergence of a new top predator. Methodology/Principal Findings: In one of the most extensive datasets of avian IGP, we analyse the impact of recolonization of a superpredator, the eagle owl Bubo bubo on breeding success, territorial dynamics and population densities of two mesopredators, the northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis and its IG prey, the common buzzard Buteo buteo. The data covers more than two decades and encompass three adjacent plots. Eagle owls only recolonized the central plot during the second decade, thereby providing a natural experiment. Both species showed a decrease in standardized reproductive success and an increase in brood failure within 1.5 km of the superpredator. During the second decade, territory dynamics of goshawks was significantly higher in the central plot compared to both other plots. No such pattern existed in buzzards. Goshawk density in the second decade decreased in the central plot, while it increased in both other plots. Buzzard density in the second decade rapidly increased in the north, remained unchanged in the south and increased moderately in the center in a probable case of mesopredator release. Conclusions/Significance: Our study finds support for top-down control on the intermediate mesopredator and both top-down and bottom-up control of the bottom mesopredator. In the face of considerable costs of IGP, both species probably compete to breed in predator-free refugia, which get mostly occupied by the dominant raptor. Therefore for mesopredators the outcome of IGP might depend directly on the number of dominance levels which supersede them

Factors affecting survival in Mediterranean populations of the Eurasian eagle owl

The survival rate is a key parameter for population management and the monitoring of populations. Thus, an analysis of survival rate variations and the factors influencing the same is essential for understanding population dynamics. Here, we study the factors determining the survival and the causes of mortality of the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo) in two Spanish Mediterranean populations (Murcia and Seville) where the species has a high population density and breeding success; yet its survival rates and the factors that affect them are unknown. Between 2003 and 2010, 63 breeding owls were captured and radio-tracked. Three monthly (quarterly) survival rates were estimated using known-fate models in the program MARK. The mean overall annual survival rate was 0.776 (95 % CI: 0.677, 0.875). We observed survival differences between sexes, and between the breeding and non-breeding periods, although no overwhelming support was found for any particular model. We concluded that (i) females have a lower survival rate than males, probably due to their larger home ranges, which increase the risk of mortality; (ii) the survival rates of both sexes were lower during the non-breeding period; and (iii) the causes of mortality differed significantly between the two populations, gunshot being the main cause in Seville and electrocution in Murcia.Peer Reviewe

Genotype and phenotype landscape of MEN2 in 554 medullary thyroid cancer patients: the BrasMEN study

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease caused by RET gene germline mutations that is characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) associated with other endocrine tumors. Several reports have demonstrated that the RET mutation profile may vary according to the geographical area. In this study, we collected clinical and molecular data from 554 patients with surgically confirmed MTC from 176 families with MEN2 in 18 different Brazilian centers to compare the type and prevalence of RET mutations with those from other countries. The most frequent mutations, classified by the number of families affected, occur in codon 634, exon 11 (76 families), followed by codon 918, exon 16 (34 families: 26 with M918T and 8 with M918V) and codon 804, exon 14 (22 families: 15 with V804M and 7 with V804L). When compared with other major published series from Europe, there are several similarities and some differences. While the mutations in codons C618, C620, C630, E768 and S891 present a similar prevalence, some mutations have a lower prevalence in Brazil, and others are found mainly in Brazil (G533C and M918V). These results reflect the singular proportion of European, Amerindian and African ancestries in the Brazilian mosaic genome