Metal-mediated intramolecular hydroamination and hydro(acy)alkoxylation reactions

This PhD thesis describes work undertaken to effect asymmetric catalysis in hydroamination and hydro(acy)alkoxylation reactions of allenes. The introductory Chapter provides an overview of recent advances in asymmetric heterofunctionalisation reactions of allenes. This includes intra- and inter-molecular reactions involving C-N and C-O bond formations. Chapter 2 begins by comparing the preparation of a γ-allenic alcohol by two different synthetic routes and its subsequent use in intramolecular hydroalkoxylation reactions using copper(II) and silver(I) salts. From this study, the ability of silver diphosphine complexes to facilitate enantioselective hydroalkoxylation reactions in a 5-exo-trig fashion was discovered. Extensive reaction optimisation was undertaken, however only moderate ee’s and conversions were observed. In Chapter 3, the use of other metal Lewis acids to catalyse hydroalkoxylation reactions of γ-allenic alcohols is presented. DFT calculations undertaken by a colleague (Prof H. S. Rzepa) were used to rationalise the observed regioselectivities with silver(I), zinc(II), and tin(II) triflates. From DFT calculations, the metal counteranion was found to be intimately involved in the C-O bond formation. In the following two Chapters, the possibility of asymmetric synthesis by using chiral anionic ligands is discussed. In Chapter 4, additional γ-allenic alcohols and β-allenic acids were synthesised for intramolecular hydroalkoxylation or hydroacyalkoxylation reactions respectively. In Chapter 5, the respective γ-allenic amines were prepared for intramolecular hydroamination. In both cases, the outcome, scope and limitations of the reaction are discussed. In Chapter 6, an overall conclusion and future work is discussed. The last Chapter contains experimental procedures and characterisation data of all the compounds synthesised during the course of this project

The Prosecution of International Crimes: Prospects and Pitfalls

This essay details the accomplishments and shortcomings of the International Criminal Tribunals and the prosecution of international criminals. The paper makes note of the recent progress in convicting international criminals through an open and transparent process applying widely accepted international standards of criminal justice. On the other hand, the paper highlights the difficulties in merging international and criminal law given the vast diversity of legal systems and the limited access of evidence

Integrating Security, Development and Human Rights

Table of Contents: Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice--p.4.Joan B. Kroc Distinguished Lecture Series--p.6.Biography--p.10.Interview--p.12.Welcome and Introduction--p.38.Lecture--p.41.Questions and Answers--p.64.Related Resources--p.75.About the University of San Diego--p.76.https://digital.sandiego.edu/lecture_series/1016/thumbnail.jp

Beyond Self-Congratulations: The Charter at 25 in an International Perspective

On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the authors situate the Canadian human rights evolution in an international context. They look first at the context of the Charters adoption and the characteristics that make it an agent of positive social change in Canada. Secondly, they discuss three areas where interaction between international legal values and our domestic human rights system can be rendered more effective: a) the use of international law in defining the content and possible limitations of Charter rights; b) the increased necessity for a better implementation of international human rights obligations and interaction with international bodies; and c) the appropriateness of Canada\u27s full integration to the Americas\u27 human rights system. They conclude by discussing briefly two key challenges ahead for meaningful rights protection in Canada, namely the full recognition of economic, social, and cultural rights and access to justice

ICTY letter ref 983457/La/BG/la

Letter from Louise Arbour of the ICTY to M. Cherif Bassiouni.https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/documents_780/1015/thumbnail.jp

Speak out on poverty: Hearing, inaudibility, and citizenship in post-apartheid South Africa

In 1998, Speak Out on Poverty held hearings across South Africa shortly after the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) completed eighteen months of highly publicized, nationwide hearings at which victims testified. Speak Out challenged the TRC’s focus on overt political violations, seen to occlude forms of structural violence central to apartheid's policy and practice, as well as longer legacies of colonialism. Reading Speak Out alongside the TRC puts pressure on supposed differences between official truth commissions or tribunals and those run by civil society. Discussing Speak Out in relation to the TRC signaled more than a set of comparisons. In a time of transition, Speak Out spoke from within and against the noise of the TRC. It aimed to make poverty and inequality the nation's priority rather than reconciliation, or at least to challenge notions of reconciliation that did not have inequity and poverty at its center