3,729 research outputs found
Exact Quantum States for all Two-Dimensional Dilaton Gravity Theories
It is shown that the recently obtained quantum wave functionals in terms of
the CJZ variables for generic 2d dilaton gravity are equivalent to the
previously reported exact quantum wave functionals in geometrical variables. A
third representation of these exact quantum states is also presented
Weyl-Wigner-Moyal formulation of a Dirac quantized constrained system
An extension of the Weyl-Wigner-Moyal formulation of quantum mechanics
suitable for a Dirac quantized constrained system is proposed. In this
formulation, quantum observables are described by equivalent classes of Weyl
symbols. The Weyl product of these equivalent classes is defined. The new Moyal
bracket is shown to be compatible with the Dirac bracket for constrained
systems
Medical Tourism: How Far are You Willing to Go to Save Money?
Medical needs of Americans are increasing as the population is aging and struggling with obesity. The addition of new medical technology and techniques, their widespread availability, and procedural improvements have created a more open market for medical providers. Costly procedures in cardiology and orthopedics serve as examples of increasingly needed medical treatments. Individuals, businesses and insurance companies have struggled to find ways to pay for these necessary procedures. Traditionally, in the U.S. the majority of medical procedures have been performed locally. Because of the rising costs associated with these procedures individuals and some healthcare providers are now looking to foreign markets. The performance of medical procedures by foreign providers has created a whole industry referred to as Medical Tourism. The growth of the field of Medical Tourism has presented significant questions, as well as substantial risks and rewards that need to be addressed before the consumer decides what is right for their particular circumstances
Geometrodynamical Formulation of Two-Dimensional Dilaton Gravity
Two-dimensional matterless dilaton gravity with arbitrary dilatonic potential
can be discussed in a unitary way, both in the Lagrangian and canonical
frameworks, by introducing suitable field redefinitions. The new fields are
directly related to the original spacetime geometry and in the canonical
picture they generalize the well-known geometrodynamical variables used in the
discussion of the Schwarzschild black hole. So the model can be quantized using
the techniques developed for the latter case. The resulting quantum theory
exhibits the Birkhoff theorem at the quantum level.Comment: 15 pages, LATE
Lagrangian gauge structure functions for systems with first-class constraints
The structure functions of the Lagrangian gauge algebra are given explicitly
in terms of the hamiltonian constraints and the first order Hamiltonian
structure functions and their derivatives
Integrable models and degenerate horizons in two-dimensional gravity
We analyse an integrable model of two-dimensional gravity which can be
reduced to a pair of Liouville fields in conformal gauge. Its general solution
represents a pair of ``mirror'' black holes with the same temperature. The
ground state is a degenerate constant dilaton configuration similar to the
Nariai solution of the Schwarzschild-de Sitter case. The existence of
solutions and their relation with the solution given by the 2D
Birkhoff's theorem is then investigated in a more general context. We also
point out some interesting features of the semiclassical theory of our model
and the similarity with the behaviour of AdS black holes.Comment: Latex, 16 pages, 1 figur
TWO DIMENSIONAL DILATON GRAVITY COUPLED TO AN ABELIAN GAUGE FIELD
The most general two-dimensional dilaton gravity theory coupled to an Abelian
gauge field is considered. It is shown that, up to spacetime diffeomorphisms
and gauge transformations, the field equations admit a two-parameter
family of distinct, static solutions.
For theories with black hole solutions, coordinate invariant expressions are
found for the energy, charge, surface gravity, Hawking temperature and entropy
of the black holes. The Hawking temperature is proportional to the surface
gravity as expected, and both vanish in the case of extremal black holes in the
generic theory. A Hamiltonian analysis of the general theory is performed, and
a complete set of (global) Dirac physical observables is obtained. The theory
is then quantized using the Dirac method in the WKB approximation. A connection
between the black hole entropy and the imaginary part of the WKB phase of the
Dirac quantum wave functional is found for arbitrary values of the mass and
charge. The imaginary part of the phase vanishes for extremal black
holes and for eternal, non-extremal Reissner-Nordstrom black holes.Comment: Minor revisions only. Some references have been added, and some
typographical errors correcte
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