Influence of some oenological practices on the aromatic and sensorial characteristics of white Verdejo wines

Changes in the aromatic composition as well as sensory characteristics in Verdejo white wines were analysed based on two factors: the winemaking methodology and the storing time of wine in bottles. The volatile components were determined by GLC-MS, and the sensory profile was designed and assessed according to the ISO 11035 standard. The results showed that when wines were made in oak barrels, either completely or partially, which means the wines were in contact with the lees, the levels of 1-octanol, ethyl heptanoate and ethyl decanoate were significantly affected (P menor que 0.05); the softness sensation was also influenced (P menor que 0.05). However, the amount of time the wines were stored in bottles significantly affected (P menor que 0.05) the levels of 1-hexanol, ethyl heptanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, hexyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and isoamyl lactate and also an odour note (tropical fruit). The compounds with higher OAV values belong to the groups of esters and fatty acids. For these reasons, the composition and the quality of the aroma of Verdejo white wines appear to be significantly affected both by use of oak barrels in winemaking and the time the wines are stored in bottles

Influencia de cinco técnicas enológicas en parámetros relacionados con la acidez y el color en vinos tintos de Mencía

Se ha estudiado la influencia de cinco técnicas (metodología de elaboración, tipo de recipiente de conservación y tiempo de conservación del vino en rama, temperatura de conservación y tiempo de conservación del vino embotellado) sobre parámetros fisico-químicos y descriptores sensoriales ligados a la acidez y al color en vinos tintos jóvenes de la variedad Mencía en la DO. Valdeorras (Ourense, Galicia). Los resultados muestran que los 19 parámetros estudiados son muy sensibles a las técnicas estudiadas. Tres de las cinco técnicas afectan (p<0,05) a los 19 parámetros y las otras dos (p<0,05) a diez de ellos. La maceración prefermentativa en frio y la conservación del vino en barrica aumentaron la acidez, pero la elaboración tradicional, la conservación del vino en depósito, la conservación del vino en botella durante tres meses y el empleo de una temperatura de conservación del vino embotellado baja y constante fueron más adecuadas para el color. Esto hace necesario establecer condiciones muy concretas para cada técnica según el parámetro considerado

Formalism of Generalized Contexts and Quantum Measurement

En este trabajo se describe el proceso de medición de un sistema cuántico como una interacción entre dos sistemas físicos: el sistema a medir y el aparato de medición. Ambos sistemas forman un sistema compuesto y su evolución temporal está determinada únicamente por la ecuación de Schrödinger, es decir, no hay postulado de colapso. La descripción del proceso de medición se realiza utilizando un formalismo de historias cuánticas denominado formalismo de Contextos Generalizados. Este formalismo permite expresar, a través de la probabilidad condicional, la correlación entre las propiedades correspondientes al observable medido, antes de la medición, y las propiedades correspondientes a la variable puntero del aparato, después de la medición. Utilizando este formalismo, se discuten dos problemas centrales de la medición: el problema de la lectura definida y el problema de la base privilegiada.In this paper, the measurement process of a quantum system is described as an interaction of two physical systems: the system to be measured and the measuring instrument. Both systems form a composite system and its temporal evolution is determined solely by the Schrödinger equation, i.e., there is no collapse postulate. The description of the measurement process is performed using a formalism of quantum histories called formalism of Generalized Contexts. This formalism allows to express, using the conditional probability, the correlation between the properties corresponding to the measured observable, before the measurement, and the properties corresponding to the pointer variable of the measurement instrument, after the measurement. Using this formalism, two central problems of quantum measurement are discussed: the problem of definite outcome and the problem of preferred basis.Fil: Losada, Marcelo Adrián. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Filosofía "Dr. Alejandro Korn"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Laura, Roberto Domingo Eugenio. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Ingeniería y Agrimensura; Argentin

Effect of five enological practices and of the general phenolic composition on fermentation-related aroma compounds in Mencia young red wines

The effects of five technological procedures and of the contents of total anthocyanins and condensed tan- nins on 19 fermentation-related aroma compounds of young red Mencia wines were studied. Multifactor ANOVA revealed that levels of those volatiles changed significantly over the length of storage in bottles and, to a lesser extent, due to other technological factors considered; total anthocyanins and condensed tannins also changed significantly as a result of the five practices assayed. Five aroma compounds pos- sessed an odour activity value >1 in all wines, and another four in some wines. Linear correlation among volatile compounds and general phenolic composition revealed that total anthocyanins were highly related to 14 different aroma compounds. Multifactor ANOVA, considering the content of total anthocy- anins as a sixth random factor, revealed that this parameter affected significantly the contents of ethyl lactate, ethyl isovalerate, 1-pentanol and ethyl octanoate. Thus, the aroma of young red Mencia wines may be affected by levels of total anthocyanin

Integration of maintainability and operativity criteria in the contracts to build under EPC model in energy infrastructures to optimize the OPEX. Example of the methodology to analyse the preferences in the owner and contractor point of view

[Abstract]: The buyer of Project or equipment wants to obtain the maximum profit for the money that is invested in the operation and the seller shall try to give the less for that money to obtain also the maximum benefit. The way both parties regulate their relation is based in the agreement under a contract base, that in the energy infrastructure sector is mostly based in the EPC (Engineering Procurement and Construction) model. The present paper uses the information and data obtained through the development of the PhD thesis of one of the authors, that collected valuable information and assessment about the integration of operability and maintainability criteria in the contracts of a total of 158 projects and megaprojects, with a total contract value close to 40.000 M€. Several of those projects correspond to windmill , solar and hydraulic power plants. The survey done collected information about the perception and point of view of the promoter or owner, the contractor or the supplier, the engineering companies (Project Management Team (PMT)) and several advisors (legal, commercial,..), about the preference of integration of those criteria in the projects that they were involved in, and the phase and the procedure to make the integration, as well as the role of experienced personnel in Operation and Maintenance areas in the whole life time of the projects. The conclusion of the study confirmed that the perception of what the owner and the contractor understand about the integration of operation and maintenance criteria in the projects is really different, but if contractors and/or suppliers would try to understand and deliver at a reasonable price what the owner is expecting from them, their chance to become the preferred contractor in the tenders associated to the projects would be increased

Evolution of NH3 Concentrations in Weaner Pig Buildings Based on Setpoint Temperature

Ammonia (NH3) concentration has seldom been used for environmental control of weaner buildings despite its impact on environment, animal welfare, and workers’ health. This paper aims to determine the effects of setpoint temperature (ST) on the daily evolution of NH3 concentration in the animal-occupied zone. An experimental test was conducted on a conventional farm, with ST between 23 °C and 26 °C. NH3 concentrations in the animal-occupied zone were dependent on ST insofar as ST controlled the operation of the ventilation system, which effectively removed NH3 from the building. The highest NH3 concentrations occurred at night and the lowest concentrations occurred during the daytime. Data were fitted to a sinusoidal model using the least squares setting (LSS) and fast Fourier transform (FFT), which provided R2 values between 0.71 and 0.93. FFT provided a better fit than LSS, with root mean square errors (RMSEs) between 0.09 ppm for an ST of 23 °C and 0.55 ppm for an ST of 25 °C. A decrease in ST caused a delay in the wave and a decrease in wave amplitude. The proposed equations can be used for modeling NH3 concentrations and implemented in conventional controllers for real-time environmental control of livestock buildings to improve animal welfare and productivityThis research was funded by Xunta de Galicia, grant number GPC-ED431B 2018/012S

Validation of an AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average model for the prediction of animal zone temperature in a weaned piglet building

An AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average model was validated for the prediction of temperatures in the animal zone of conventional weaned piglet barn. The validation period covered seven cycles and recorded values at 10-min intervals for 292 days. Average weight was 5.75 ± 0.86 kg at the beginning of the production cycle and 18.41 ± 2.12 kg at the end of the cycle. Mean outdoor air temperatures ranged 6.14 to 17.85 °C with deviations in the range 2.49 °C to 5.24 °C, which involved marked differences in the operation of the ventilation system. The Mean Average Percentage Error was below 4%, with a mean error of ≤1 °C. The Root Mean Square Error was in the range 0.77 °C to 1.19 °C, whereas the coefficient of determination ranged between 0.52 and 0.81. Despite the changes in environmental conditions and in animal weight and management, the accuracy of the model remained stable with low dispersion of values. The model showed good accuracy and reliability covering all the seasons under changing meteorological conditions because it considered the operation of the heating and ventilation systems and changes in animal weight. The residuals obtained from the validation of the seven production cycles were Gaussian distributed, which confirmed the validity of the model. The generated model can be used for more effective environmental control systems that are capable of anticipating events and show a better response, which helps improve energy savings and animal welfareThe authors are grateful to the regional government Xunta de Galicia for funding this research through the “Programme of consolidation and structuring of competitive research units” (GPC2014/072)S

Energy, Production and Environmental Characteristics of a Conventional Weaned Piglet Farm in North West Spain

Postweaning is one of the most sensitive and energy-demanding phases of swine production. The objective of this research was to assess the energy, production and environmental characteristics of a conventional farm with temperature-based environmental control. The selected energy, environmental and production variables were measured on farm, in a high livestock density area of NW Spain, for seven production cycles. The quantification of variables was aimed at obtaining the maximum performance with the lowest possible use of resources, focusing on animal welfare and production efficiency. The Brown–Forsythe, Welch and Games-Howell tests revealed significant differences in terms of temperature, relative humidity and CO2 concentrations among production cycles, and among the critical, postcritical and final periods. Improved humidity management resulted in a 17% reduction of climate control energy, which involved energy savings in the range of 33% to 47% per kg produced at the end of the postweaning cycle. Accordingly, adding humidity as a control variable could result in higher ventilation rates, thereby improving animal welfare, reducing heating energy use and increasing weight gain per unit climate control energy. In addition, the strong correlations found between heating energy and relative humidity (R2 = 0.73) and ventilation energy and CO2 (R2 = 0.99) suggest that these variables could be readily estimated without additional sensor costsThis research has received funding from European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (2007–2013) under the project Control and automation strategies for energy and production efficiency in weaned farms, included in the research and innovation programme for Galicia, PEME I+D SumaS

Seafloor geomorphology of the Passage of Lanzarote (West Africa Margin): Influences of the oceanographic processes

The seafloor morphology of the Passage of Lanzarote has been analysed with the aim to know the active processes on the bottom surface related to the oceanographic context. Multibeam bathymetric data and high and very high resolution seismic profiles obtained in the SUBVENT2 cruise have been used. Five main morphological groups have been analysed: (a) Volcanic or diapiric submarine hills; (b) Tectonic features on the continental slope (linear scarps and a rhombohedral depression) related to normal faults; (c) Submarine venting at top of diapirs initially triggered circular depressions; (d) Sedimentary instabilities (gullies, canyons, mass transport deposits) are present specially on the Fuerteventura-Lanzarote ridge; and (e) Contouritic bottom features both erosive (central valley, marginal valleys) and depositional (plastered drifts) are on the central part of the passage, and are generated by the interaction of MW and the interface MW-AAIW with seafloor.Versión del edito

Características geomorfológicas del Pasaje de Lanzarote (Región oriental de las Islas Canarias)

The Passage of Lanzarote is an example of a wide oceanic corridor. It extends between the eastern Canary Islands and the Western Africa continental margin. Seafloor morphology of this passage has been analyzed with the aim to know the morphogenetic processes related to both the oceanography and the geology. Multibeam bathymetric data and high and very high resolution seismic profiles obtained in the SUBVENT2 cruise have been used. Five main morphological groups were analyzed: (a) Volcanic or diapiric submarine hills; (b) Tectonic features on the continental slope (linear scarps and a rhomboid-like depression) related to normal faults at the top of buried diapirs; (c) Giant circular depressions initially triggered by submarine venting at the top of diapirs; (d) Sedimentary instabilities and canyons (gullies, canyons, mass transport deposits) that are present specially on the Fuerteventura-Lanzarote ridge must be related to the high energy geological processes, both constructive and dismantling, associated to the evolution of these volcanic domains; and (e) Contouritic features both erosive (central channel, contourite channels) and depositional (mounded and plastered drifts) that occur in the central part of the bottom surface of the passage, and are generated by the interaction of the MW and the interface MW-AAIW with the seafloor.Versión del edito