Effects of ethical leadership on emotional exhaustion in high moral intensity situations

© 2015 Elsevier Inc. Emotional exhaustion is a threat to standard operations, particularly in organizations in which physical safety is at risk. High moral intensity is inherent in such organizations due to the magnitude of consequences associated with ethical/unethical conduct. The authors proposed a psychological process in which ethical leadership affects emotional exhaustion directly and indirectly through team cohesion. As military operational contexts typically are (or frequently have the potential to become) high moral intensity situations, the authors tested their model among 338 military personnel deployed in combat zones. They found that: (1) team cohesion partially mediated the relationship between ethical leadership and emotional exhaustion, and (2) this psychological process of direct and indirect effects of ethical leadership did not hold among individuals approaching the low end of conscientiousness

Speech intelligibility assessment in a helium environment

The purpose of this study was to compare the appropriateness and effectiveness of the speech perception in noise (SPIN) test and the Griffiths version of the modified rhyme test (GMRT) in assessing Navy divers’ speech understanding using communication systems containing different helium speech unscramblers (HSUs), one of which produces, by subjective observations, more intelligible output than the other. Divers participating in a saturation deep dive and a group of nondivers using digital audio tape recordings of the stimuli used by the divers were tested. Mean percent correct scores on the SPIN and GMRT lists within two listening conditions (taped, topside-diver and live-voice, diver-diver) were almost identical. Listeners scored better on both tests in the topside-diver condition than in the diver-diver condition. The majority of the SPIN errors were on low-predictability items that are void of context. Context clearly played a role in measuring the performance of these subjects, at least for the SPIN test. No significant differences were measured between the two HSUs, although a trend was seen favoring one HSU over the other for the divers. These results have theoretical as well as practical value for measuring the quality and intelligibility of helium speech enhancement systems. © 1995, Acoustical Society of America. All rights reserved

Helping Misfits to Commit: How Justice Climate Attenuates the Effects of Personality Dissimilarity on Organizational Commitment

In the present study, we examined whether greater personality dissimilarity would indirectly lead to lower organizational commitment as a result of heightened emotional exhaustion. We also proposed and tested the notion that the experience of being dissimilar to one’s workgroup members in the traits of (a) agreeableness, (b) conscientiousness, or (c) emotional stability would have the strongest positive effect on emotional exhaustion in workgroups with low justice climates. The data from 8196 members of the U.S. Armed Services confirmed the predicted negative indirect effect for agreeableness dissimilarity, but showed that conscientiousness dissimilarity resulted in a positive indirect effect on commitment. Contrary to expectations, emotional stability dissimilarity did not demonstrate a significant relationship. Multilevel moderated mediation analyses revealed that the presence of a strong workgroup justice climate attenuated the significant mediated relationships. Finally, we report supplementary polynomial regression analyses and discuss their implications for workgroup composition and individual career development. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Speech intelligibility assessment in a helium environment. II. The speech intelligibility index

The Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) was measured for Navy divers participating in two saturation deep dives and for a group of nondivers to test different communication systems and their components. These SIIs were validated using the Speech Perception in Noise (SPIN) test and the Griffiths version of the Modified Rhyme Test (GMRT). Our goal was to determine if either of these assessments was sensitive enough to provide an objective measure of speech intelligibility when speech was processed through different helmets and helium speech unscramblers (HSUs). Results indicated that SII values and percent intelligibility decreased incrementally as background noise level increased. SIIs were very reliable across the different groups of subjects indicating that the SII was a strong measurement for predicting speech intelligibility to compare linear system components such as helmets. The SII was not useful in measuring intelligibility through nonlinear devices such as HSUs. The speech intelligibiiity scores on the GMRT and SPIN tests were useful when the system component being compared had a large measurable difference, such as in helmet type. However, when the differences were more subtle, such as differences in HSUs, neither the SPIN nor the GMRT appeared sensitive enough to make such distinctions. These results have theoretical as well as practical value for measuring the quality and intelligibility of helium speech enhancement systems