A moldura positivista do indigenismo : a propósito do Estatuto do Índio para a proteção de povos indígenas no Brasil

O artigo interpreta definições legais de “Isolados”, “Em vias de integração” e “Integrados” presentes no Estatuto do Índio (Lei 6.001/73, Brasil) em contraste às ideias positivistas geradas e difundidas na Antropologia e na Sociologia no século XIX, em particular o positivismo francês. Dois casos serão mencionados como exemplos do sentido positivista atribuído a essas definições legais para a implantação da tutela indigenista a indivíduos e grupos etnicamente diferenciados. Os dois casos estão relacionados aos índios Avá-Canoeiro e Tapuio no Brasil Central e o objetivo de sua descrição é elucidar a duração e o poder simbólico de ideias positivistas usadas como moldura ideológica estruturante das leis, ações e práticas indigenistas no Brasil contemporâneo. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe article interprets legal definitions of “Isolated”, “On the way to integration” and “Integrated” present in the Indian Statute (Law 6.001/73, Brazil) in relation to positivist ideas generated and disseminated by Anthropology and Sociology in the XIXth Century, particularly French positivism. Two cases will be mentioned as examples of the positivist meaning given to these legal definitions in order to implement the indigenist protection of ethnically differentiated individuals and groups. These two cases are related to the Awa-Canoeiro and the Tapuio in Central Brazil, and the objective of the description is to elucidate the duration and the symbolic power of positivist ideas used as ideological framework to structure indigenist laws, actions and practices in contemporary Brazil

High within-host diversity found from direct genotyping on post-mortem tuberculosis specimens in a high-burden setting

Objectives: To characterize the clonal complexity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections considering factors that help maximize the detection of coexisting strains/variants. Methods: Genotypic analysis by Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive-Unit-Variable-Number Tandem-Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) was performed directly on 70 biopsy specimens from two or more different tissues involving 28 tuberculosis cases diagnosed post-mortem in Mozambique, a country with a high tuberculosis burden. Results: Genotypic data from isolates collected from two or more tissues were obtained for 23 of the 28 cases (82.1%), allowing the analysis of within-patient diversity. MIRU-VNTR analysis revealed clonal diversity in ten cases (35.7%). Five cases showed allelic differences in three or more loci, suggesting mixed infection with two different strains. In half of the cases showing within-host diversity, one of the specimens associated with clonal heterogeneity was brain tissue. Conclusions: Direct MTB genotyping from post-mortem tissue samples revealed a frequent within-host Mycobacterium tuberculosis diversity, including mixed and polyclonal infections. Most of this diversity would have been overlooked if only standard analysis of respiratory specimens had been performed