Impact of an excise tax on the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in young people living in poorer neighbourhoods of Catalonia, Spain: a difference in differences study

BACKGROUND: Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is contributing to the obesity epidemic. On 28 March 2017, Catalonia enacted a law levying an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages for public health reasons. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the tax on the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in Catalonia (Spain). METHODS: Before-and-after study to assess changes in the prevalence of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among 1929 persons aged 12 to 40 years residing in low-income neighbourhoods of Barcelona (intervention) and Madrid (control). Beverage consumption frequency was ascertained via a validated questionnaire administered during the month prior to the tax's introduction (May 2017) and again at 1 year after it had come into force. The effect of the tax was obtained using Poisson regression models with robust variance weighted using propensity scores. RESULTS: While the prevalence of regular consumers of taxed beverages fell by 39% in Barcelona as compared to Madrid, the prevalence of consumers of untaxed beverages remained stable. The main reason cited by more than two-thirds of those surveyed for reducing their consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was the increase in price, followed by a heightened awareness of their health effects. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of the Catalonian excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages was followed by a reduction in the prevalence of regular consumers of taxed beverages.This study was supported by the Spanish Health Research Fund (Fondo deInvestigación Sanitaria - FIS) of the Carlos III Institute of Health (Project ENPY120/18) and the Spanish Consumers’Organisation (Organización deConsumidores y Usuarios - OCU). The funders had no role in the design of thestudy, in collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, or in writing themanuscriptS

Surveillance of influenza pandemic (H1N1)2009 in Spain

Fundamento:España experimentó una circulación del nuevovirus de la gripe (H1N1)2009 durante el verano de 2009, que evolu-cionó de forma creciente hasta la presentación a principios del otoñode la primera onda pandémica por dicho virus. Los objetivos de estetrabajo son describir la evolución de esta onda pandémica en nuestropaís y evaluar su impacto en la morbilidad y mortalidad de la pobla-ción española.Método:A partir de la información proporcionada por el Siste-ma de Vigilancia de la Gripe en España y el Centro de Coordinaciónde Alertas y Emergencias del Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Socialse han estimado una serie de indicadores epidemiológicos y viroló-gicos para evaluar el nivel de actividad e intensidad de la onda pan-démica, así como su gravedad.Resultados: La onda pandémica por el virus (H1N1)2009 se ini-ció a comienzos del otoño de 2009 y registró valores máximos deincidencia de gripe de 372,15 casos semanales/100.000 habitantes.Las mayores tasas de incidencia de gripe se observaron en los meno-res de 15 años. La tasa de detección viral en el periodo pandémico semantuvo en el rango de las registradas previamente (46,4%). Se esti-mó una tasa de letalidad global de 0,43 defunciones por 1.000 casosde gripe pandémica. Un 64% de las defunciones por gripe pandémi-ca se registraron en adultos jóvenes, con máximas tasas de mortali-dad en el grupo de 45-64 años (9,35 defunciones/1.000.000 habitan-tes). La mortalidad asociada a gripe estacional en el periodo 2001-2008 fue máxima en los mayores de 64 años (95% del total de defun-ciones).Conclusiones: La onda pandémica por el virus de la gripe(H1N1)2009 tuvo una presentación precoz en España y una intensi-dad media en comparación con las trece ondas estacionales previasde gripe. Esta primera onda también se caracterizó por un carácterleve, teniendo en cuenta tasas de letalidad o mortalidad, si bien unelevado porcentaje de las defunciones confirmadas por el nuevovirus se ha observado en menores de 65 años Método: A partir de la información proporcionada por el Sistema de Vigilancia de la Gripe en España y el Centro de Coordinación de Alertas y Emergencias del Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social se han estimado una serie de indicadores epidemiológicos y virológicos para evaluar el nivel de actividad e intensidad de la onda pandémica, así como su gravedad. Resultados: La onda pandémica por el virus (H1N1)2009 se inició a comienzos del otoño de 2009 y registró valores máximos de incidencia de gripe de 372,15 casos semanales/100.000 habitantes. Las mayores tasas de incidencia de gripe se observaron en los menores de 15 años. La tasa de detección viral en el periodo pandémico se mantuvo en el rango de las registradas previamente (46,4%). Se estimó una tasa de letalidad global de 0,43 defunciones por 1.000 casos de gripe pandémica. Un 64% de las defunciones por gripe pandémica se registraron en adultos jóvenes, con máximas tasas de mortalidad en el grupo de 45-64 años (9,35 defunciones/1.000.000 habitantes). La mortalidad asociada a gripe estacional en el periodo 2001-2008 fue máxima en los mayores de 64 años (95% del total de defunciones). Conclusiones: La onda pandémica por el virus de la gripe (H1N1)2009 tuvo una presentación precoz en España y una intensidad media en comparación con las trece ondas estacionales previas de gripe. Esta primera onda también se caracterizó por un carácter leve, teniendo en cuenta tasas de letalidad o mortalidad, si bien un elevado porcentaje de las defunciones confirmadas por el nuevo virus se ha observado en menores de 65 años

Premature mortality excess related to influenza in Spain during an interpandemic period

BACKGROUND: The indicator of Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL) has been frequently used to analysis of premature mortality and recently has been used to estimate the impact of the last influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. The aim of this study was to estimate the excess deaths from pneumonia and influenza (P&I) in Spain and the PYLL during the period 1980-2008, measuring the mortality attributable to influenza regarding the type/subtype of influenza dominant in each season. METHODS: Monthly excess deaths were calculated with cyclical regression models. The PYLL calculation was performed as the product of the number of excess deaths and the difference between life expectancy at birth and years lived for each age group. The analysis of the variation between P&I excess deaths and PYLL, depending on the predominant influenza virus type/subtype was carried out with a Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS: In seasons dominated by influenza virus A(H3) the average P&I excess deaths was estimated at 1,348, and for PYLL in 5.297, while in seasons dominated by A(H1) or B the average P&I excess deaths was 648, and for PYLL 2.885. The adjusted rate ratios of excess (2.11, CI-95%=2.05-2.16) and PYLL (1.86, CI-95%=1.83-1.88) indicate that the relative frequencies for both indicators are significantly larger in seasons dominated by influenza virus A(H3). CONCLUSIONS: Excess deaths and PYLL doubled when comparing seasons predominantly subtype A(H3) and other influenza viruses.Programa de Investigación de la Gripe A (H1N1), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (GR09/0018

Assessing the effects of the Spanish partial smoking ban on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases: methodological issues

OBJECTIVE: Recent research has assessed the impact of tobacco laws on cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity. In this study, we also examined whether the association between the implementation of the 2005 Spanish smoking ban and hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases varies according to the adjustment for potential confounders. DESIGN: Ecological time series analysis. SETTING: Residents of Madrid and Barcelona cities (Spain). OUTCOME: Data on daily emergency room admissions for acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma derived from the 2003-2006 Spanish hospital admissions registry. METHODS: Changes in admission rates between 2006 and the 2003-2005 period were estimated using additive Poisson models allowing for overdispersion adjusted for secular trend in admission, seasonality, day of the week, temperature, number of flu and acute respiratory infection cases, pollution levels, tobacco consumption prevalence and, for asthma cases, pollen count. RESULTS: In Madrid, fully adjusted models failed to detect significant changes in hospital admission rates for any disease during the study period. In Barcelona, however, hospital admissions decreased by 10.2% (95% CI 3.8% to 16.1%) for cerebrovascular diseases and by 16.0% (95% CI 7.0% to 24.1%) for COPD. Substantial changes in effect estimates were observed on adjustment for linear or quadratic trend. Effect estimates for asthma-related admissions varied substantially when adjusting for pollen count in Madrid, and for seasonality and tobacco consumption in Barcelona. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that the potential impact of a smoking ban must be adjusted for the underlying secular trend. In asthma-related admissions, pollen count, seasonality and tobacco consumption must be specified in the model. The substantial variability in effects detected between the two cities of Madrid and Barcelona lends strong support for a nationwide study to assess the overall effect of a smoking ban in Spain and identify the causes of the observed heterogeneity.This work was supported by grant FIS PI11/01276 from the Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.S

Vigilancia de la pandemia de gripe (H1N1) 2009 en España

Fundamento: España experimentó una circulación del nuevo virus de la gripe (H1N1)2009 durante el verano de 2009, que evolucionó de forma creciente hasta la presentación a principios del otoño de la primera onda pandémica por dicho virus. Los objetivos de este trabajo son describir la evolución de esta onda pandémica en nuestro país y evaluar su impacto en la morbilidad y mortalidad de la población española. Método: A partir de la información proporcionada por el Sistema de Vigilancia de la Gripe en España y el Centro de Coordinación de Alertas y Emergencias del Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social se han estimado una serie de indicadores epidemiológicos y virológicos para evaluar el nivel de actividad e intensidad de la onda pandémica, así como su gravedad. Resultados: La onda pandémica por el virus (H1N1)2009 se inició a comienzos del otoño de 2009 y registró valores máximos de incidencia de gripe de 372,15 casos semanales/100.000 habitantes. Las mayores tasas de incidencia de gripe se observaron en los menores de 15 años. La tasa de detección viral en el periodo pandémico se mantuvo en el rango de las registradas previamente (46,4%). Se estimó una tasa de letalidad global de 0,43 defunciones por 1.000 casos de gripe pandémica. Un 64% de las defunciones por gripe pandémica se registraron en adultos jóvenes, con máximas tasas de mortalidad en el grupo de 45-64 años (9,35 defunciones/1.000.000 habitantes). La mortalidad asociada a gripe estacional en el periodo 2001- 2008 fue máxima en los mayores de 64 años (95% del total de defunciones). Conclusiones: La onda pandémica por el virus de la gripe (H1N1)2009 tuvo una presentación precoz en España y una intensidad media en comparación con las trece ondas estacionales previas de gripe. Esta primera onda también se caracterizó por un carácter leve, teniendo en cuenta tasas de letalidad o mortalidad, si bien un elevado porcentaje de las defunciones confirmadas por el nuevo virus se ha observado en menores de 65 años

Changes in hospitalizations for chronic respiratory diseases after two successive smoking bans in Spain

BACKGROUND: Existing evidence on the effects of smoke-free policies on respiratory diseases is scarce and inconclusive. Spain enacted two consecutive smoke-free regulations: a partial ban in 2006 and a comprehensive ban in 2011. We estimated their impact on hospital admissions via emergency departments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. METHODS: Data for COPD (ICD-9 490-492, 494-496) came from 2003-2012 hospital admission records from the fourteen largest provinces of Spain and from five provinces for asthma (ICD-9 493). We estimated changes in hospital admission rates within provinces using Poisson additive models adjusted for long-term linear trends and seasonality, day of the week, temperature, influenza, acute respiratory infections, and pollen counts (asthma models). We estimated immediate and gradual effects through segmented-linear models. The coefficients within each province were combined through random-effects multivariate meta-analytic models. RESULTS: The partial ban was associated with a strong significant pooled immediate decline in COPD-related admission rates (14.7%, 95%CI: 5.0, 23.4), sustained over time with a one-year decrease of 13.6% (95%CI: 2.9, 23.1). The association was consistent across age and sex groups but stronger in less economically developed Spanish provinces. Asthma-related admission rates decreased by 7.4% (95%CI: 0.2, 14.2) immediately after the comprehensive ban was implemented, although the one-year decrease was sustained only among men (9.9%, 95%CI: 3.9, 15.6). CONCLUSIONS: The partial ban was associated with an immediate and sustained strong decline in COPD-related admissions, especially in less economically developed provinces. The comprehensive ban was related to an immediate decrease in asthma, sustained for the medium-term only among men.This work was supported by Grant FIS PI11/01276 from the Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.S

Smoke-Free Legislation in Spain and Prematurity.

Spain implemented a partial smoking ban in 2006 followed by a comprehensive ban in 2011. The objective was to examine the association between these smoke-free policies and different perinatal complications. Cross-sectional study including all live births between 2000 and 2013. Selected adverse birth outcomes were: preterm births (<37 gestational weeks), small for gestational age (SGA; <10th weight percentile according to Spanish reference tables), and low birth weight (<2500 g). We estimated immediate and gradual rate changes after smoking bans by using overdispersed Poisson models with different linear trends for 2000 to 2005 (preban), 2006 to 2010 (partial ban), and 2011 to 2013 (comprehensive ban). Models were adjusted for maternal sociodemographics, health care during the delivery, and smoking prevalence during pregnancy. The comprehensive ban was associated with preterm birth rate reductions of 4.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.9%-6.1%) and 4.1% (95% CI: 2.5%-5.6%) immediately and 1 year after implementation, respectively. The low birth weight rate also dropped immediately (2.3%; 95% CI: 0.7%-3.8%) and 1 year after the comprehensive ban implementation (3.5%; 95% CI: 2.1%-5.0%). There was an immediate reduction in the SGA rate at the onset of the partial ban (4.9%; 95% CI: 3.5%-6.2%), which was sustained 1 year postimplementation. Although not associated with the comprehensive ban at the onset, the SGA rate declined by 1.7% (95% CI: 0.3%-3.1%) 1 year postimplementation. The implementation of the Spanish smoke-free policies was associated with a risk reduction for preterm births and low birth weight infants, especially with the introduction of the more restrictive ban.Supported by grant FIS PI11/01276 from the Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and CompetitivenessS

Small area influences on the individual unhealthy lifestyle behaviors: A multilevel analysis of discriminatory accuracy.

We estimated the discriminatory power of area of residence (census tract) on the prevalence of main risk factors for chronic diseases. Results, based on a sample of 21,007 participants from the 2011-2012 National Health Survey of Spain, show a differential influence of the geosocial environment on the four health risk factors. Accounting for census tracts substantially increases the discriminatory power regarding at-risk alcohol consumption, unbalanced diet, and leisure-time sedentarism but not tobacco consumption. However, the socioeconomic characteristics of the tracts played a minor role. Further research on the specific geosocial contextual variables explaining variability in these risk factors is necessary.This work was supported by the Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Science Innovation and Universities [grant number PI15CIII/00034].S

Exceso de mortalidad precoz relacionado con la gripe en España durante un período interpandémico

Background: The indicator of Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL) has been frequently used to analysis of premature mortality and recently has been used to estimate the impact of the last influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. The aim of this study was to estimate the excess deaths from pneumonia and influenza (P&I) in Spain and the PYLL during the period 1980-2008, measuring the mortality attributable to influenza regarding the type/subtype of influenza dominant in each season. Methods: Monthly excess deaths were calculated with cyclical regression models. The PYLL calculation was performed as the product of the number of excess deaths and the difference between life expectancy at birth and years lived for each age group. The analysis of the variation between P&I excess deaths and PYLL, depending on the predominant influenza virus type/subtype was carried out with a Poisson regression analysis. Results: In seasons dominated by influenza virus A(H3) the average P&I excess deaths was estimated at 1,348, and for PYLL in 5.297, while in seasons dominated by A(H1) or B the average P&I excess deaths was 648, and for PYLL 2.885. The adjusted rate ratios of excess (2.11, CI-95%=2.05-2.16) and PYLL (1.86, CI-95%=1.83-1.88) indicate that the relative frequencies for both indicators are significantly larger in seasons dominated by influenza virus A(H3). Conclusions: Excess deaths and PYLL doubled when comparing seasons predominantly subtype A(H3) and other influenza viruses.Fundamentos: El indicador Años Potenciales de Vida Perdidos (APVP) ha sido utilizado con frecuencia en análisis de mortalidad precoz, y recientemente ha servido para estimar el impacto de la última pandemia de gripe A(H1N1)pdm09. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido estimar los excesos de defunciones por gripe y neumonía (GyN) en España y los APVP durante el periodo 1980-2008, valorando la mortalidad atribuible a gripe en función del tipo/subtipo de virus predominante. Métodos: Los excesos de defunciones mensuales se calcularon con modelos de regresión cíclica. El cálculo de APVP se realizó como el producto del número de excesos de defunciones por la diferencia entre la esperanza de vida al nacer y los años vividos para cada grupo de edad. El análisis de la variación entre los excesos de defunciones por GyN y APVP, según el tipo/subtipo de virus de la gripe predominante, se llevó a cabo con un análisis de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: En las temporadas con predominio del virus de la gripe A(H3) el promedio de excesos de defunciones por GyN se estimó en 1.348 y de APVP en 5.297, mientras que en las temporadas con predominio de A(H1) o B el promedio de excesos por las mismas causas fue de 648 y de APVP de 2.885. Las razones de tasas ajustadas de excesos (2,11; IC-95%=2,05-2,16) y de APVP (1,86; IC-95%=1,83-1,88) señalaron que las frecuencias relativas de ambos indicadores son significativamente mayores en las temporadas con predominio de virus de la gripe A(H3). Conclusiones: Los excesos de defunciones y APVP se duplicaron al comparar las temporadas con predominio del subtipo A(H3) frente al resto de virus de la gripe