L’ABC des fiducies entre vifs : aspects civils et fiscaux

Reproduit avec l'autorisation de la Chambre des notaires du Québec[À l'origine dans / Was originally part of : Fac. Droit - Coll. facultaire - Droit privé - Famille et personnes]Version acceptée / Accepted Manuscrip

An original phylogenetic approach identified mitochondrial haplogroup T1a1 as inversely associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers

Introduction: Individuals carrying pathogenic mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a high lifetime risk of breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in DNA double-strand break repair, DNA alterations that can be caused by exposure to reactive oxygen species, a main source of which are mitochondria. Mitochondrial genome variations affect electron transport chain efficiency and reactive oxygen species production. Individuals with different mitochondrial haplogroups differ in their metabolism and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Variability in mitochondrial genetic background can alter reactive oxygen species production, leading to cancer risk. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial haplogroups modify breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Methods: We genotyped 22,214 (11,421 affected, 10,793 unaffected) mutation carriers belonging to the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 for 129 mitochondrial polymorphisms using the iCOGS array. Haplogroup inference and association detection were performed using a phylogenetic approach. ALTree was applied to explore the reference mitochondrial evolutionary tree and detect subclades enriched in affected or unaffected individuals. Results: We discovered that subclade T1a1 was depleted in affected BRCA2 mutation carriers compared with the rest of clade T (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34 to 0.88; P = 0.01). Compared with the most frequent haplogroup in the general population (that is, H and T clades), the T1a1 haplogroup has a HR of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.95; P = 0.03). We also identified three potential susceptibility loci, including G13708A/rs28359178, which has demonstrated an inverse association with familial breast cancer risk. Conclusions: This study illustrates how original approaches such as the phylogeny-based method we used can empower classical molecular epidemiological studies aimed at identifying association or risk modification effects.Peer reviewe

Les industries culturelles : l’art de se réinventer pour assurer la pérennité des modèles artistiques

La pandémie qui sévit depuis plus d’une année a eu un impact majeur sur les industries culturelles, lesquelles ont été particulièrement touchées par les mesures sanitaires mises en place au Québec. La survie de la culture, notamment en région, est remise en question. Cette recherche poursuit l’objectif de comprendre les adaptations nécessaires aux modèles artistiques afin de rendre les industries culturelles pérennes en région malgré la crise mondiale. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené 5 groupes de discussion regroupant 22 participants et tenu 33 entrevues semi-structurées avec des artistes ou des travailleurs au sein d’organismes culturels. Nous visons les secteurs de la musique, des arts visuels et médiatiques et des arts vivants. Les résultats de cette recherche mettent en lumière les problématiques vécues au sein de ces industries en région comme la fermeture de lieux de diffusion, l’annulation d’événements et la migration de travailleurs vers d’autres secteurs d’activité ou régions. Malgré ces problématiques, nous relevons de nombreuses initiatives permettant à ces industries de traverser la crise. Ces initiatives se déclinent sur deux plans, celui de la création et celui de la diffusion. Des artistes ont adapté leur pratique, par exemple, en exposant à l’extérieur. D’autres se sont tournés vers de nouveaux modes de diffusion comme la baladodiffusion. Des partenariats multidisciplinaires ont également vu le jour. Pour la diffusion, les organismes ont utilisé les nouvelles technologies permettant, par exemple, des expositions virtuelles. Les artistes et travailleurs culturels sont parvenus à mettre en place des stratégies assurant la pérennité de leur modèle artistique.The pandemic that has been raging for over a year has had a major impact on the cultural industries, which have been particularly affected by the health measures implemented in Quebec. The survival of culture is questioned, particularly outside major centres. The objective of this research is to understand the adaptations for the artistic models to render cultural industries sustainable outside major centres, despite the global crisis. To achieve this, five focus groups were conducted with 22 participants and 33 semi-structured interviews were held with artists or workers in cultural organizations. The fields of music, visual and media arts, and performing arts were targeted. The results of this research highlight the problems experienced within these industries outside major centres, such as the closure of venues, the cancellation of events and the migration of workers to other fields of activity or regions. Despite these issues, numerous initiatives that enable these industries to make it through the crisis are noted. These initiatives may be found in creation and dissemination. For example, artists have adapted their practice by way of outdoor exhibitions. Others have turned to new dissemination methods like podcasting. Multidisciplinary partnerships have also emerged. As an example of dissemination, organizations used new technologies such as virtual exhibitions. Artists and cultural workers have managed to implement strategies to ensure the sustainability of their artistic model

La pénurie de professeures de sciences infirmières au Canada et ses effets sur les programmes de formation en sciences infirmières offerts en français

Cette étude qualitative décrit la pénurie de professeures en sciences infirmières et ses effets actuels et potentiels sur les programmes canadiens de formation en sciences infirmières offerts en français, ainsi que les stratégies préconisées par les directrices de ces programmes afin d’en atténuer les effets. Les effets de la pénurie sont particulièrement préoccupants dans le cas des programmes offerts dans un contexte francophone minoritaire ou en région éloignée. La pénurie mettrait en péril les programmes offerts en français et menacerait, par le fait même, la qualité des services de santé offerts aux communautés francophones minoritaires au Canada.This qualitative study describes the shortage of nursing faculty and its present and potential impacts on Canadian French nursing programs as well as strategies to overcome these impacts from the perspectives of the Deans and Directors of these programs. The impacts of the shortage are particularly concerning for nursing programs that are delivered in a francophone minority context or in a remote area. The shortage could jeopardize the French nursing programs and, consequently, would threaten the quality of healthcare services offered to francophone minority communities in Canada

Biological and Chemical Characterization of Musa paradisiaca Leachate

International audienceThere is a growing demand for molecules of natural origin for biocontrol and biostimulation, given the current trend away from synthetic chemical products. Leachates extracted from plantain stems were obtained after biodegradation of the plant material. To characterize the leachate, quantitative determinations of nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and cations (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+), Q2/4, Q2/6, and Q4/6 absorbance ratios, and metabolomic analysis were carried out. The potential role of plantain leachates as fungicide, elicitor of plant defense, and/or plant biostimulant was evaluated by agar well diffusion method, phenotypic, molecular, and imaging approaches. The plant extracts induced a slight inhibition of fungal growth of an aggressive strain of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which causes anthracnose. Organic compounds such as cinnamic, ellagic, quinic, and fulvic acids and indole alkaloid such as ellipticine, along with some minerals such as potassium, calcium, and phosphorus, may be responsible for the inhibition of fungal growth. In addition, jasmonic, benzoic, and salicylic acids, which are known to play a role in plant defense and as biostimulants in tomato, were detected in leachate extract. Indeed, foliar application of banana leachate induced overexpression of LOXD, PPOD, and Worky70-80 genes, which are involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism, jasmonic acid biosynthesis, and salicylic acid metabolism, respectively. Leachate also activated root growth in tomato seedlings. However, the main impact of the leachate was observed on mature plants, where it caused a reduction in leaf area and fresh weight, the remodeling of stem cell wall glycopolymers, and an increase in the expression of proline dehydrogenase