Produção de itens de ensaio de proficiência contendo bactérias em matriz frango utilizando a técnica de liofilização

Introduction: Participation in proficiency testing (PT) is used to evaluate the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. Objective: To evaluate the viability of the freeze-drying technique to produce six lots of PT items containing two Escherichia coli, two containing Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus concomitantly, and two containing  Salmonella Enteritidis in baked shredded chicken matrix. Method: Homogeneity according to harmonized protocol and long and short-term stability testing according to ISO GUIDE 35  were carried out. Results: All lots produced were sufficiently homogeneous. In the long-term stability study, all lots were sufficiently stable at temperatures of -80 ± 10°C and  -20 ± 4°C, except for the lot containing B. cereus and S. aureus. The other lots presented stability for at least 126 days at -80 ± 10°C and 84 days at -20 ± 4°C. The short-term stability was carried out only with the lots sufficiently stable in the long-term stability study. The lots were sufficiently stable at temperatures of 5 ± 3°C and at 35 ± 2°C, except for the lot containing Salmonella Enteritidis at 35 ± 2°C due to the significant decrease in cell concentration. Conclusions: The freeze-drying technique was satisfactory for the production of test items containing E. coli e Salmonella Enteritidis in the chicken matrix viable to use in a PT, but the lot containing Salmonella Enteritidis must be transported to the laboratories at the temperature ≤ 8°C for up to four days. Lots containing S. aureus e B. cereus simultaneously  presented insufficient stability, indicating that the production of individual lots containing each bacteria individually is necessary.  Introdução: A participação em ensaios de proficiência (EP) é utilizada para avaliar a competência de laboratórios de ensaio e calibração. Objetivo: Avaliar a viabilidade da   técnica de liofilização na produção de seis lotes de itens de EP, dois contendo Escherichia   coli, dois contendo Bacillus cereus e Staphylococcus aureus concomitantemente, e dois contendo Salmonella Enteritidis em matriz frango desfiado cozido. Método: Foram realizados testes de homogeneidade segundo o protocolo harmonizado e de estabilidade em longo prazo pelo modelo clássico e curto prazo pelo modelo isócrono segundo a ISO Guide 35. Resultados: Todos os lotes produzidos foram considerados suficientemente homogêneos. No estudo de estabilidade em longo prazo, todos os lotes se apresentaram suficientemente estáveis nas temperaturas de -80 ± 10ºC e -20 ± 4ºC, exceto o lote contendo B. cereus e S. aureus. Os outros lotes apresentaram estabilidade por pelo menos 126 dias a -80 ± 10ºC e 84 dias a -20 ± 4ºC. Na avaliação da estabilidade em curto prazo, foram analisados apenas os lotes suficientemente estáveis no estudo em longo prazo. Os lotes foram suficientemente estáveis nas temperaturas de 5 ± 3ºC e 35 ± 2ºC, com exceção do lote contendo Salmonella Enteritidis a 35 ± 2ºC, devido ao decréscimo significativo da concentração celular. Conclusões: A técnica de liofilização foi satisfatória para produção de itens de ensaio contendo E. coli e Salmonella Enteritidis em matriz  frango viáveis para utilização em um EP, sendo que o lote contendo Salmonella Enteritidis deve ser transportado aos laboratórios participantes em temperatura ≤ 8ºC por até quatro dias. Lotes contendo S. aureus e B. cereus, simultaneamente, apresentaram estabilidade insuficiente, indicando que a produção de lotes individuais contendo cada bactéria individualmente é necessária

Desenvolvimento de itens de ensaio de proficiência para pesquisa de Salmonella spp. em matriz chocolate

The aim of this study was to develop lyophilized test items (TI) containing Salmonella spp., in chocolate matrix to be used in proficiency testing programs (PTP). Microbial analysis was conducted on samples of granulated chocolate to verify that the sample was free of the target microorganisms. Homogeneity and stability studies in long and short term were carried out to monitor TI quality; the presence of vacuum in the samples was also verified, to ensure the efficiency of the lyophilization process. The results of the microbial testing indicated no contamination by Salmonella spp.; thus, the sample was appropriate to be used as matrix. The lyophilization technique, using trehalose as cryoprotectant, has proven to be effective for desiccation of TI produced. The Salmonella batch proved to be sufficiently homogeneous, because the microorganism was present in all analyzed flasks. The batch was held stable at -20°C (five weeks) and -70°C (26 weeks). As for the transportation stability, the batch was considered stable at 4°C (in four days). The TI produced batch in this study showed a quality level that makes it suitable to be used in PTP, to contribute to the increasing reliability of the test results from laboratories and to provide subsidies for identification of problems and troubleshooting.O objetivo desse estudo foi desenvolver itens de ensaio (IE) liofilizados contendo Salmonella spp., em matriz chocolate, para utilização em ensaio de proficiência (EP). Foi realizada a análise microbiológica de uma amostra de chocolate granulado para verificar se estava livre do micro-organismo alvo. Para monitoramento da qualidade dos IE, realizou-se estudos de homogeneidade e estabilidade em longo e curto prazo, bem como verificou-se a presença de vácuo nas amostras garantindo a eficiência do processo de liofilização. A análise microbiológica do chocolate indicou ausência de contaminação por Salmonella spp., estando apto para ser utilizado como matriz. A técnica de liofilização, com uso de trealose como crioprotetor, se mostrou eficaz para dessecação dos IE produzidos. O lote produzido se apresentou suficientemente homogêneo, pois o micro-organismo estava presente em todos os frascos analisados. O lote se apresentou estável à temperatura de -20ºC (em cinco semanas) e -70ºC (em 26 semanas); na estabilidade de transporte, foi considerado estável a 4ºC (em quatro dias). O lote de IE produzido nesse estudo apresentou qualidade que o torna apto para uso em EP, o que visou contribuir para o aumento da confiabilidade dos resultados das análises dos laboratórios e propiciar subsídios para a identificação e solução de problemas

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Goodbye Hartmann trial: a prospective, international, multicenter, observational study on the current use of a surgical procedure developed a century ago

Background: Literature suggests colonic resection and primary anastomosis (RPA) instead of Hartmann's procedure (HP) for the treatment of left-sided colonic emergencies. We aim to evaluate the surgical options globally used to treat patients with acute left-sided colonic emergencies and the factors that leading to the choice of treatment, comparing HP and RPA. Methods: This is a prospective, international, multicenter, observational study registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A total 1215 patients with left-sided colonic emergencies who required surgery were included from 204 centers during the period of March 1, 2020, to May 31, 2020. with a 1-year follow-up. Results: 564 patients (43.1%) were females. The mean age was 65.9 ± 15.6 years. HP was performed in 697 (57.3%) patients and RPA in 384 (31.6%) cases. Complicated acute diverticulitis was the most common cause of left-sided colonic emergencies (40.2%), followed by colorectal malignancy (36.6%). Severe complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥ 3b) were higher in the HP group (P < 0.001). 30-day mortality was higher in HP patients (13.7%), especially in case of bowel perforation and diffused peritonitis. 1-year follow-up showed no differences on ostomy reversal rate between HP and RPA. (P = 0.127). A backward likelihood logistic regression model showed that RPA was preferred in younger patients, having low ASA score (≤ 3), in case of large bowel obstruction, absence of colonic ischemia, longer time from admission to surgery, operating early at the day working hours, by a surgeon who performed more than 50 colorectal resections. Conclusions: After 100 years since the first Hartmann's procedure, HP remains the most common treatment for left-sided colorectal emergencies. Treatment's choice depends on patient characteristics, the time of surgery and the experience of the surgeon. RPA should be considered as the gold standard for surgery, with HP being an exception

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Physics case for an LHCb Upgrade II - Opportunities in flavour physics, and beyond, in the HL-LHC era

The LHCb Upgrade II will fully exploit the flavour-physics opportunities of the HL-LHC, and study additional physics topics that take advantage of the forward acceptance of the LHCb spectrometer. The LHCb Upgrade I will begin operation in 2020. Consolidation will occur, and modest enhancements of the Upgrade I detector will be installed, in Long Shutdown 3 of the LHC (2025) and these are discussed here. The main Upgrade II detector will be installed in long shutdown 4 of the LHC (2030) and will build on the strengths of the current LHCb experiment and the Upgrade I. It will operate at a luminosity up to 2×1034 cm−2s−1, ten times that of the Upgrade I detector. New detector components will improve the intrinsic performance of the experiment in certain key areas. An Expression Of Interest proposing Upgrade II was submitted in February 2017. The physics case for the Upgrade II is presented here in more depth. CP-violating phases will be measured with precisions unattainable at any other envisaged facility. The experiment will probe b → sl+l−and b → dl+l− transitions in both muon and electron decays in modes not accessible at Upgrade I. Minimal flavour violation will be tested with a precision measurement of the ratio of B(B0 → μ+μ−)/B(Bs → μ+μ−). Probing charm CP violation at the 10−5 level may result in its long sought discovery. Major advances in hadron spectroscopy will be possible, which will be powerful probes of low energy QCD. Upgrade II potentially will have the highest sensitivity of all the LHC experiments on the Higgs to charm-quark couplings. Generically, the new physics mass scale probed, for fixed couplings, will almost double compared with the pre-HL-LHC era; this extended reach for flavour physics is similar to that which would be achieved by the HE-LHC proposal for the energy frontier

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio