A Brief Review on Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease of Livestock: Conventional to Molecular Tools

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the highly contagious diseases of domestic animals. Effective control of this disease needs sensitive, specific, and quick diagnostic tools at each tier of control strategy. In this paper we have outlined various diagnostic approaches from old to new generation in a nutshell. Presently FMD diagnosis is being carried out using techniques such as Virus Isolation (VI), Sandwich-ELISA (S-ELISA), Liquid-Phase Blocking ELISA (LPBE), Multiplex-PCR (m-PCR), and indirect ELISA (DIVA), and real time-PCR can be used for detection of antibody against nonstructural proteins. Nucleotide sequencing for serotyping, microarray as well as recombinant antigen-based detection, biosensor, phage display, and nucleic-acid-based diagnostic are on the way for rapid and specific detection of FMDV. Various pen side tests, namely, lateral flow, RT-LAMP, Immunostrip tests, and so forth. are also developed for detection of the virus in field condition

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Not AvailableSpecies hybridization between Mithun and cattle is a form of out-breeding, to produce new offspring called locally Chungrung by Digaru Mishmi, is a natural paradigmatic shift towards positive development of new breeds (Chungrung), thereby improving the low face value animal (cattle) to high face value animal (Chungrung), without much human manipulation against the desire of Animal. However, there is a dilution in pure germplasm of both the species. Nevertheless, Species hybridization is a boon for Mishmi society, because as per traditionally and customary law and practices, Chungrung worth and value are used at par with Mithun in Mishmi society, like two different facet of same coin, thereby improving the socio-economic status of person. Where Mithun price is sky, rocking costing around Rs 60,000 – 80,000 per adult Mithun, in counterpart adult cattle cost around 15,000 – 20,000 only. Consequently Mithun and Chungrung is consider as most blessed animal for livelihood sustenance in many different dimension be it in social, culture or religious aspect of Mishmi society in Arunachal PradeshNot Availabl