3,489 research outputs found
Complete hyperentangled-Bell-state analysis for quantum communication
It is impossible to unambiguously distinguish the four Bell states in
polarization, resorting to linear optical elements only. Recently, the
hyperentangled Bell state, the simultaneous entanglement in more than one
degree of freedom, has been used to assist in the complete Bell-state analysis
of the four Bell states. However, if the additional degree of freedom is
qubitlike, one can only distinguish 7 from the group of 16 states. Here we
present a way to distinguish the hyperentangled Bell states completely with the
help of cross-Kerr nonlinearity. Also, we discuss its application in the
quantum teleportation of a particle in an unknown state in two different
degrees of freedom and in the entanglement swapping of hyperentangled states.
These applications will increase the channel capacity of long-distance quantum
communication.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure
Rectal hemangiopericytoma in a 37-year-old woman: a case report and review of the literature
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Hemangiopericytoma is an uncommon perivascular tumor. Rectal Hemangiopericytomas are extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge, only two cases have been reported in the literature.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We report the case of a 37-year-old Asian woman with an Hemangiopericytoma rising from the anterior wall of her rectum. Abdominopelvic computed tomography showed a 7.4 cm solid mass between her uterus and her rectum. Heterogeneous gradual enhancement after intravenous injection of contrast material was noted with several tortuous vessels around her tumor. Intra-operative findings indicated a capsule and well-circumscribed solid tumor connecting with the anterior wall of her rectum by a small pedicle. With immunohistochemical stains, her tumor cells reacted positive for Bcl-2, CD34, and ki67 and negative for CD10, CD117, S100, and Desmin. Follow-up computed tomography scans have shown no tumor recurrence or metastasis signs.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Rectal Hemangiopericytoma is a rare tumor with non-specific imaging findings. Hemangiopericytomas should be included in the differential list when a massive tumor with heterogeneously gradual enhancement in the regions of the rectum is encountered.</p
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