Nature’s Law: The Evolutionary Origin of Property Rights

This article contributes to the outline of the origin of property rights set forth by Professor Krier, by more fully analyzing the role of evolutionary biology in the development of property rights. This article focuses on the pre-political formation of property ownership and the initial formation of concepts of property and ownership. Expanding on Krier’s analysis, this article considers the implications of this evolutionary foundation on our modern property regime, particularly given the growing chasm between the wealthy on one side and the poor and middle-class on the other. Part II discusses the growing disparity of wealth in America and our property system’s failure to respond to this inequity. While current debates among property scholars have attempted to address concerns of inequality, Part III discusses how scholars have inadequately analyzed the origin of the rights that accompany ownership. Part IV explores the evolution of property rights in nature. The property rights displayed by animals in the wild mirror many of our common law property rules, and Part V argues that our common law property system is based on the same unconscious evolutionary strategy that causes the deference to ownership that is displayed in animal behavior. Part VI discusses what this evolutionary foundation to our default property rules means for our modern property regime

Nest Hatch Chronology of Northern Bobwhite and Implications for Management

Managers in Missouri, USA, and in other Midwestern states have long operated under the belief that the peak of nest hatching for northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; hereafter, bobwhite) is 15 June. Though it is widely understood that bobwhite nests hatch throughout the summer, many management decisions are made based on the accepted peak. Fully understanding the dynamics behind bobwhite nest timing is critical, as management activities in nesting cover during summer are common. To better understand nest chronology, we used radio-telemetry to monitor nest incubation initiation, hatch date, and renesting rate on 6 conservation areas in southwestern Missouri from 2014 to 2018. Nest hatch date varied by area and year, but only 8.5% of nests hatched on or before 15 June. The 7-day interval during which the most nests hatched was 15–21 June, but we also saw high numbers of nests hatch in early July and mid- to late August. The median hatch date across all 5 years of the study was 17 July. Our results suggest that the entire summer is critical for bobwhite nesting activities, with late summer being just as important as the early summer months. We encourage bobwhite managers and conservation program policymakers across the Midwest to rethink previously held constructs of bobwhite nest timing. We also recommend that summer disturbances to nesting cover be kept to a minimum when the goal is to maximize bobwhite reproductive output

Home Range and Space Use of Northern Bobwhite Under Two Different Management Models in Southwestern Missouri

Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; hereafter, bobwhite) management in Missouri, USA has traditionally been focused on providing an interspersion of grass, crop, old field, and woody cover juxtaposed to disked idle areas and food plots to maintain bobwhite populations. This traditional model is implemented with the goal of providing all essential habitat components within 40-acre blocks throughout a larger area used by a population. While this model can produce usable bobwhite space in agriculture-dominated landscapes, it may not be the most effective or efficient approach to producing and maintaining bobwhite in grassland-dominated landscapes. In southwestern Missouri native tallgrass prairie conservation areas are managed primarily with historical ecological processes, such as fire and grazing, to produce the desired patchy habitat mosaic. Additionally, it has been on these native tallgrass prairie conservation areas that managers have seen the most stable and productive bobwhite populations. Over a 5-year period (2014–2018) we quantified movements of northern bobwhite on 3 traditionally managed areas (n = 185) and on 3 managed native tallgrass prairie conservation areas (n = 211) to determine whether home range sizes and space use differed between these two management models. We used the 6-month (Apr–Sep) breeding period to determine core area, home range, mean movement rate, and maximum distance moved. Overall (pooled) home ranges of bobwhite did not differ significantly between traditional and grassland managed areas; however, there were significant yearly differences between management models and study areas. Males generally had larger home range sizes and had higher movement rates than females. For the 5 years of the study few birds made long-distance movements (\u3e1.6 km; 3%), and all remained relatively close to capture locations in winter (Feb–Mar). For both traditional and grassland managed areas, bobwhite selected for areas that had disturbance (fire and grazing) in the last 2 years and for the native grassland vegetation type. These findings suggest that areas managed under the grassland management model provide preferred habitat for bobwhite and could result in significant improvement in habitat quality for tallgrass prairie wildlife

Breeding Season Survival and Nesting of Northern Bobwhite on Native Prairie Versus Traditionally Managed Conservation Areas in Southwestern Missouri

Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) management on Missouri Conservation Area lands has traditionally focused on providing an interspersion of grass, crop, old field and woody cover to enhance edge habitat often juxtaposed with disked idle areas and food plots. This traditional approach, or the Intensive Management Model (IMM), is often implemented with the goal of providing all essential habitat components within a 40-acre area. While this model can produce useable quail habitat in agriculture-dominated landscapes it may not be the most effective or efficient approach to producing quail in grassland-dominated landscapes found in southwest Missouri. Conservation area mangers for the Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) have historically implemented IMM in these grass-dominated landscapes; however in a few areas managers have begun using historical ecological processes, such as fire with grazing, or the Extensive Management Model (EMM) in conjunction with IMM or as the primary means for producing the patchy habitat mosaic preferred by bobwhite quail. In 2015, MDC began a 5 year study radio marking 60 individuals per area on 4 areas (2 IMM and 2 EMM) to compare the utility of these two models and the habitat conditions they create on breeding season vital rates (survival and production). Over the first 2 years of this study, EMM areas had higher breeding season survival (0.414 compared to 0.275) and nesting success (0.437 compared to 0.355) relative to IMM areas. Additionally, covey break-up and nest initiation were in general earlier, and clutch sizes were larger on areas managed with EMM than on areas managed with IMM

El teletrabajo en la arquitectura

En la sociedad actual, el trabajo en oficinas es una alternativa adoptada por millones de personas en todo el mundo a la hora de generar ingresos y cumplir objetivos laborales. El estudio del proceso de espacios de trabajo, referido a estas tipologías, es necesario para abordar y buscar soluciones espaciales contemporáneas, basadas en la historia de la arquitectura, diseño, arte, política y ciencia, teniendo un panorama global de las necesidades que los trabajadores tienen a la hora de desempeñar sus tareas y como se alteran a través del tiempo. Entrando el siglo XXI(S.XXI), experimentamos una etapa de grandes cambios, y un futuro incierto en el diseño de espacios de trabajo. Dado por la creciente industria de la tecnología y las telecomunicaciones, estamos pasando por un proceso de experimentación desde lo laboral y académico, el cual, aún, no logra sentar bases sólidas para las generaciones futuras. Este ligado al abrupto crecimiento empresarial y a la masiva oferta de productos y servicios, se traduce en una situación de incertidumbre y caos social, conjuntamente con la libertad de muchos trabajadores para poder realizar sus tareas a través de una pantalla conectados a internet, lo que aporta posibilidad de movimiento, permitiéndoles vivir en cualquier sitio sin dejar de lado sus obligaciones laborales. Situación compleja que debemos abordar desde la arquitectura, ya que existe una gran masa de personas, moviéndose continuamente por el mundo, habitando ciudades equipadas para un cierto número de gente, dando lugar a la superpoblación y contaminación del planeta. El futuro incierto y en parte caótico, lógico de una etapa de cambio a nivel mundial, se traduce en incertidumbre espacial. Una nueva realidad, que propone un cambio en la arquitectura, con el objetivo de satisfacer futuras necesidades tanto de vivienda como de trabajo e infraestructura, acordes a la acelerada industria de la tecnología, sin dejar de lado el cuidado del medio ambiente

Northern Bobwhite Demographics and Resource Selection Are Explained by Prescribed Fire with Grazing and Woody Cover in Southwest Missouri

Understanding the effects of landscape management on northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; hereafter, bobwhite) population growth requires information about seasonal- and stage-specific demographic parameters linked across the annual cycle. We review results to date from 3 years (2016–2018) of an intensive field study evaluating drivers of bobwhite population dynamics and resource selection during the breeding and non-breeding season in southwest Missouri, USA using data from adult and juvenile bobwhite fitted with radio-transmitters. Land cover of our study sites ranged from large blocks of native grasslands maintained with prescribed fire and grazing to more traditional management resulting in small patches of grasslands interspersed with food plots, disked idle areas, and woody cover. During the breeding season, relative probability of selection by broods increased in relation to proportion of native grass managed by grazing and burning and proportion of cropland. Brood survival was also greatest on native grasslands burned and grazed within the past 2 growing seasons. During the fall and winter, relative probability of selection by adults increased as woody edge density increased. Fall and winter survival increased as distance from trees increased and decreased as distance to shrubs increased. Our integrated population model indicated that the number of young hatched per female and adult breeding season survival were greatest on sites with the most native grassland managed by prescribed fire with grazing. However, non-breeding season survival was greater on sites with more agriculture or food plots and woody cover. Abundance declined across all sites from 2016 to 2019. Our work suggests that native grasslands managed by prescribed fire with grazing can provide quail habitat superior to traditional management that strived for a mixture of agriculture, woody cover, and grassland. The combination of conservation grazing and fire in native grasslands interspersed with shrubs may provide the greatest chance for bobwhite populations to persist in southwest Missouri and similar landscapes

More than Just a Tie: The Role of Content and Context in Firm Alliance Networks

Researchers often rely on social network theory to understand both the structural antecedents and outcomes of strategic alliances. However, many alliance studies only emphasize the existence of a tie and rarely theorize further about their efficacy. This failure to consider the role and variation of content in alliance ties (e.g. resource commitment, trust, information exchange) may hinder the application of various network theories at the interorganizational level. Further, interorganizational network studies have largely neglected the role of the external environment, or context, in interfirm collaboration and often fail to consider how the external environment shapes firm network actions and outcomes. Thus, interorganizational network research should consider both tie content—the type of tie(s) formed between firms—and tie context—the external environment as a network level exogenous factor—in interorganizational network research theory building. In chapter 1, I introduce and test a multilevel, environmental contingency approach to strategic alliance networks that integrates both tie content and context to explain how optimal network structure develops over time and how firms can expect to derive network benefits. In doing so, I show that organizations must carefully consider both the nature of their ties and the competitive context in which these firms reside. I test this framework in a series of two studies in chapters 2 and 3. In chapter 2, I explore how key network exogenous factors, namely institutional context and the task environment, influence alliance partner selection strategies. In chapter 3, I integrate tie content, strategic alliance governance structure and status asymmetry, to explore how these two factors jointly interact with the external environment to influence the legitimacy outcomes of firms. I show that both alliance partner selection strategies and whole network level external factors largely influence potential firm partnering outcomes. In doing so, this study introduces an integrated environmental contingency and tie context-centric approach to network theory, answering calls in the literature for a more fine-grained approach to social networks in the interorganizational context

Friends, foes, or “frenemies” : intercountry relations and cross‐border acquisitions

Research Summary: We draw on the political institutions approach and relational embeddedness perspective to advance a relational theory of policy risk. We argue that policy risk negatively affects acquisition completion, but the strength of the effect is dependent on home-host country relations. Home-host country relations underpin host governments' motivation to commit to policies and influence foreign acquirers' perceptions of the credibility of such commitments. Using longitudinal event data on intercountry interactions, we measure the valence and strength of home-host country relations and examine the relationship between policy risk and cross-border acquisition (CBA) completion under cooperative, conflictive, and ambivalent relations. In a sample of 26,124 CBAs, we find that the relationship is negative and strong under conflictive relations, weaker under cooperative relations, and weakest under ambivalent relations. Managerial Summary: We examine whether acquirers can use intercountry relations to infer and predict host governments' credibility of commitment to policies and evaluate the risk of arbitrary or opportunistic policy changes. Results show that policy risk decreases the likelihood of CBA completion, but the effect depends on home-host country relations. The negative effect of policy risk is strongest under conflictive intercountry relations, weaker under cooperative relations, and weakest under ambivalent relations. Executives' evaluations of home-host country relations in high policy risk environments can help assess the risk associated with completing CBAs and develop appropriate strategies to address potential issues