Phase Change Materials for Renewable Energy Storage Applications

Solar energy is utilizing in diverse thermal storage applications around the world. To store renewable energy, superior thermal properties of advanced materials such as phase change materials are essentially required to enhance maximum utilization of solar energy and for improvement of energy and exergy efficiency of the solar absorbing system. This chapter deals with basics of phase change material which reflects, selection criteria, PCM works, distinguish thermal energy storage system, commercially available PCM, development of PCM thermal properties and durability of PCM. In addition to this chapter focused on PCM in solar water heating system for buildings particularly in India because 20–30% of electricity is used for hot water in urban households, residential and institutional buildings. Discussed Flat plate collectors (FTC) in detail which is suitable for warm water production in household temperature 55 to 70 °C owing to cost effective than the Evacuated Tube collectors (ETC), Concentrated collector (CC) and integration of different methods PCM in solar water heating system

A new polystyrene based heterogeneous membrane of cerium(lV) vanadate as cadmium(II) ion-selective electrode

1122-1123A new solid membrane electrode prepared using cerium(IV) vanadate ion-exchanger and with polystyrene as an inert binder, responds linearly to Cd2+ ions in the concentration range 10-2-10-5 M with a Nernstian slope of 29 mV per decade. the electrode works satisfactorily in the pH range 2.0-6.0, with a static response time of less than a minute and a usable working lite of two months. Selectivity coefficient values for various monovalent, bivalent and trivalent cations have been evaluated which indicate that the electrode is selective to Cd2+ ions

A new polystyrene based heterogeneous membrane of cerium(lV) vanadate as cadmium(II) ion-selective electrode

1122-1123A new solid membrane electrode prepared using cerium(IV) vanadate ion-exchanger and with polystyrene as an inert binder, responds linearly to Cd2+ ions in the concentration range 10-2-10-5 M with a Nernstian slope of 29 mV per decade. the electrode works satisfactorily in the pH range 2.0-6.0, with a static response time of less than a minute and a usable working lite of two months. Selectivity coefficient values for various monovalent, bivalent and trivalent cations have been evaluated which indicate that the electrode is selective to Cd2+ ions

A polystyrene based heterogeneous ion- exchange membrane of cerium(IV) phosphomolybdate as copper(II) ion-selective electrode

272-273A membrane electrode based on polystyrene (10%, w/w) bound heterogeneous membrane of cerium(IV) phosphomolybdate has been prepared as Cu(II)-selective elect rode . The electrode has been found to be inert, mechanic ally stable with a long life and low response time. It responds linearly to Cu(II) concentration in the range 10-3-10-1M with a slope of 20 mV/decade of concentration. The pH range in which the electrode could be used without any interference from H+ ions for the estimation of Cu2+ ions is 2 to 5.4. The selectivity of the elect rod for copper over 15 interfering ions has been determined and values indicate that the electrode can be used for Cu(II) estimation in presence of lesser amounts of interfering ions. The electrode also works satisfactorily in partially non-aqueous media

Usage of lime sludge waste from paper industry for production of Portland cement Clinker: Sustainable expansion of Indian cement industry

The incorporation of lime sludge from the paper and pulp industry for the manufacturing of clinker in the cement industry is considered a more environmentally friendly option which is not acceptable due to stricter environmental norms. The cement clinkerization in the raw mix designs by utilizing different dosages of lime sludge, ranging from 0 to 50 (per cent by weight), together with other raw materials like limestone, clay, bauxite, and laterite with Lime saturation factor-LSF in between 92.87 and 93.26, Silica Modulus-SM in between 2.19 and 2.37 and Alumina Modulus-AM in between 1.12 and 1.14. The estimated free lime (CaOf) and mineral phase analyses on all lab-fired clinkers at 1350 °C, 1400 °C, and 1450 °C were done by X-ray diffraction and the phases conform with optical microscopy. The clinker fired at 1450 °C has more alite (C3S) phase in the range of (37–59% by weight) and less free lime in the desirable limit. The cement prepared using this lab-fired clinker imparts desirable mechanical strength. Here, lime sludge was incorporated as a raw material in the design of the raw mix for Portland cement clinker production, and it was discovered that the quality of the produced cement was within OPC's acceptable range in the limiting of cement quality. This has diminished lime sludge in the environment although it is still possible to consider it an acceptable alternative to limestone

Open data from the first and second observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo

Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo are monitoring the sky and collecting gravitational-wave strain data with sufficient sensitivity to detect signals routinely. In this paper we describe the data recorded by these instruments during their first and second observing runs. The main data products are gravitational-wave strain time series sampled at 16384 Hz. The datasets that include this strain measurement can be freely accessed through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center at http://gw-openscience.org, together with data-quality information essential for the analysis of LIGO and Virgo data, documentation, tutorials, and supporting software