Prečišćavanje gradskih otpadnih voda u Republici Srbiji - stanje i perspektive

This paper presents an overview of municipal waste­water and sludge treatment methods. Procedure for determination of input wastewater loads has been described, as well as requirements that should be fulfilled to establish joint treatment of municipal and industrial waste-waters. An overview of the present state in municipal wastewater collection and treatment in the R. of Serbia is presented, as well as comparison of domestic regulations and practices with the standards applicable to the EU countries.U radu je dat pregled postupaka za prečišćavanje gradskih otpadnih voda i metoda za tretman izdvojenih muljeva. Takođe su prikazani načini određivanja ulaznih opterećenja otpadne vode kao i uslovi pod kojima se otpadne vode naselja mogu prečišćavati zajedno sa industrijskim otpadnim vodama. Dat je pregled stanja u oblasti sakupljanja i prečišćavanja komunalnih otpadnih voda u Republici Srbiji, kao i ocena usklađenosti domaće regulative i prakse sa standardima koji važe u EU

Fizičke metode za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda - primena metode naizmeničnog mržnjenja i hlađenja i mikrotalasnog zagrevanja za obradu zauljenih voda

The main sources of oily waste water are oil- refineries, metal industry and food industry. Any technological process that uses emulsions has to take into consideration also the treatment of the used emulsions. The ultimate goal of emulsion treatment is to separate oil from water, and to attain maximum levels of cleanliness of both water and oil. The paper analyzes the possibility of emulsion separation with the use of the freeze/thaw (F/T) method, and the microwave radiation (MWR) assistance method. The F/T method and MWR are relatively new physical methods for de-emulsification, and they have the advantage of belonging to the group of green methods that are reagent-less and ecologically friendly.U radu je dat pregled metoda za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda. Predmet istraživanja rada je analiza i primena savremenih metoda za demulzifikaciju, odnosno uklanjanje ulja iz vode. Glavni izvori zauljenih otpadnih voda su rafinerije nafte, proizvodnja / obrada metala i proizvodnja hrane. U skladu sa ekološkim zahtevima svaki tehnološki proces u kome se koriste emulzije ulja u vodi mora da bude praćen odgovarajućom obradom otpadne ili iskorišćene emulzije. Cilj obrade je uklanjanje zagađivača (ulja) i dobijanje vode odgovarajuće čistoće. U ovom radu je istražena mogućnost prečišćavanja emulzija metodom naizmeničnog hlađenja / zagrevanja i metodom hlađenja praćenog mikrotalasnim zagrevanjem. Metode ispitane u ovom radu su nedestruktivne, pripadaju fizičkim metodama analize i primenjuju se bez dodavanja hemijskih reagenasa čime je ostvaren koncept ekološki prihvatljivih ("zelenih") metoda za obradu zauljenih otpadnih voda

Prečišćavanje gradskih otpadnih voda u Republici Srbiji - stanje i perspektive

This paper presents an overview of municipal waste­water and sludge treatment methods. Procedure for determination of input wastewater loads has been described, as well as requirements that should be fulfilled to establish joint treatment of municipal and industrial waste-waters. An overview of the present state in municipal wastewater collection and treatment in the R. of Serbia is presented, as well as comparison of domestic regulations and practices with the standards applicable to the EU countries.U radu je dat pregled postupaka za prečišćavanje gradskih otpadnih voda i metoda za tretman izdvojenih muljeva. Takođe su prikazani načini određivanja ulaznih opterećenja otpadne vode kao i uslovi pod kojima se otpadne vode naselja mogu prečišćavati zajedno sa industrijskim otpadnim vodama. Dat je pregled stanja u oblasti sakupljanja i prečišćavanja komunalnih otpadnih voda u Republici Srbiji, kao i ocena usklađenosti domaće regulative i prakse sa standardima koji važe u EU

Model generator potreba za vodom i hidraulički simulacioni model vodovodne mreže

Research and development of random sampling procedures in creating model generator of water demand time patterns is shown. Also a composite package combining stochastic nature of water demand and hydrodynamic simulation is provided. Conclusions and recommendation based on developed models and there applicability in water supplying network systems are done.U radu je prikazan razvoj modela za generisanje potreba za vodom u vodovodu koji je u stanju da verno predstavi sve osobine načina zadovoljavanja potreba za vodom. Ovako razvijen model je povezan sa hidrauličkim simulacionim modelom vodovodne mreže i ovakvom vezom je omogućena statistička analiza sistemskih promenljivih u vodovodnoj distributivnoj mreži. U radu su naznačeni pravci i mogućnosti koje pružaju razvijeni model i dat primer njegove primene

Proračun doza kemikalija za stabilizaciju vode

In the paper the authors deal with the problem of determining the aggressiveness of water in some of our reservoirs, such as "Zlatibor", "Gruža", and "Barje". This is very important because the aggressive water causes many problems. It is analyzed how to stabilize the aggressive water. A mathematical model for the analyzes is described in paper, too.U raduje izložena metodologija utvrđivanja agresivnog karaktera vode prema kalcijum karbonatu i način proračuna doza hemikalija za stabilizaciju vode tj. dovođenje vode u stanje da ne bude agresivna i ne pokazuje tendenciju istaložavanja kalcijum karbonata. Prikazan je originalni matematički model za analize, uz čiju pomoć su analizirane vode iz akumulacija "Zlatibor", "Gruža" i buduće akumulacije "Barje". Takođe su testirane i vode posle tretmana na nekim postrojenjima za prečišćavanje vode za piće (Zlatibor, Kragujevac, Leskovac)

Proračun doza kemikalija za stabilizaciju vode

In the paper the authors deal with the problem of determining the aggressiveness of water in some of our reservoirs, such as "Zlatibor", "Gruža", and "Barje". This is very important because the aggressive water causes many problems. It is analyzed how to stabilize the aggressive water. A mathematical model for the analyzes is described in paper, too.U raduje izložena metodologija utvrđivanja agresivnog karaktera vode prema kalcijum karbonatu i način proračuna doza hemikalija za stabilizaciju vode tj. dovođenje vode u stanje da ne bude agresivna i ne pokazuje tendenciju istaložavanja kalcijum karbonata. Prikazan je originalni matematički model za analize, uz čiju pomoć su analizirane vode iz akumulacija "Zlatibor", "Gruža" i buduće akumulacije "Barje". Takođe su testirane i vode posle tretmana na nekim postrojenjima za prečišćavanje vode za piće (Zlatibor, Kragujevac, Leskovac)

Model generator potreba za vodom i hidraulički simulacioni model vodovodne mreže

Research and development of random sampling procedures in creating model generator of water demand time patterns is shown. Also a composite package combining stochastic nature of water demand and hydrodynamic simulation is provided. Conclusions and recommendation based on developed models and there applicability in water supplying network systems are done.U radu je prikazan razvoj modela za generisanje potreba za vodom u vodovodu koji je u stanju da verno predstavi sve osobine načina zadovoljavanja potreba za vodom. Ovako razvijen model je povezan sa hidrauličkim simulacionim modelom vodovodne mreže i ovakvom vezom je omogućena statistička analiza sistemskih promenljivih u vodovodnoj distributivnoj mreži. U radu su naznačeni pravci i mogućnosti koje pružaju razvijeni model i dat primer njegove primene

Uklanjanje nitrata iz vode za piće primenom biološke denitrifikacije

Ground water pollution by nitrate from routine agricultural practices is a common and growing problem in the major agricultural areas of the world. The concentration of nitrates in these areas may exceed the maximal limited value (MLV for nitrates 50 mg/L). Nitrate removal has been successfully achieved with the use of several processes: ion exchange processes, reverse osmosis combined with membrane technology and extraction combined with electrodialysis. All the mentioned processes have been effectively applied and implemented on the treatment plants. The common disadvantage of all the applied processes is the final production of concentrated waste, contaminated with nitrates. The waste as by-product requires additional treatment and removal. Biodenitrification is a promising alternative technique for the removal of nitrate from drinking waters. The major advantages of biological denitrification is its simplicity, low-cost and complete removal of nitrate without waste production, since the final product of the process is nitrogen. The majority of biodenitrification relies on heterotrophic bacteria that require an organic carbon source and anoxic conditions for the first stage of process. Since the drinking water has a low carbon content an additional carbon source is required. Carbon source can be an external reservoir of methanol, ethanol, organic acid or hydrogen. The process of biological denitrification is typical for waste water treatment but some analysis and studies show that it is possible to apply this process for nitrate removal from drinking water. In this paper a possibility for the use of biological denitrification for removal of nitrate from drinking water has been discussed and a concrete water treatment plant for denitrification of groundwater in Česnikovo, Poland has been presented.U područjima kod kojih je poljoprivredna aktivnost značajna sadržaj nitrata u podzemnim izvorima vode može biti i iznad dozvoljenih vrednosti prema propisima za vodu za piće (MDK 50 mg/L). Uklanjanje nitrata iz vode do sada uspešno je primenjeno postupcima: jonske izmene, reversne osmoze uz membransku tehnologiju i ekstrakcije uz elektrodijalizu. Navedeni postupci primenjeni su i na postrojenjima, ali uočen je zajednički nedostatak, nastanak koncentrovanog otpadnog materijala koji zahteva dodatni tretman ili uklanjanje. Alternativa navednim tehnologijama jeste biološka denitrifikacija. Biološka denitrifikacija je relativno jednostavan, jeftin proces za potpuno uklanjanje nitrata, uz oslobađanje azota, bez nastanka otpada. Srž procesa biodenitrifikacije čine heterotrofne bakterije kojima su neophodni anoksični uslovi. Voda za piće ne sadrži dovoljno organskog ugljenika, koji obezbeđuje anoksične uslove. Spoljni izvor organskog ugljenika može biti metanol, etanol, sirćetna kiselina, ili vodonik. Proces biološke denitrifikacije tipičan je za pripremu i tretman otpadne vode, međutim ispitivanja sa vodom za piće pokazuju da se uz pravilno primenu ovaj postupak može koristiti i za pripremu vode za piće. U radu je prikazan pregled metoda za uklanjanje nitrata, prednosti i nedostaci određenih postupaka, kao i primer postrojenja za denitrifikaciju podzemne vode za naselje Česnokovo, u Poljskoj

Uklanjanje arsena iz vode adsorpcijom na nekonvencionalnim materijalima

This paper deals with arsenic removal from water by adsorption with unconventional materials: natural materials (zeolite, bentonite, sepiolite, limonite, pyrolusite), waste materials (waste iron slag, waste sand filter) and modified materials (neutralized waste iron slag, iron(III)-hydroxide coated sand and activated carbon). Under the same conditions are investigated commercial sorbents to compare results. Arsenic removal by adsorption with unconventional materials is investigated in the batch reactor. The best results in batch reactor are obtained with waste materials. Waste iron slag and waste filter sand exhibited equilibrium sorption capacities of 50 μg/g and 30 μg/g, respectively, which is nearly equal to values obtained for the commercial sorbents. Due to the high content of CaO waste iron slag increases significantly water pH (pH=11). In order to minimize its deteriorating impact on the initial water quality, the waste iron slag was neutralized. The new, modified waste iron slag exhibited the highest sorption capacity, 55.U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja efikasnosti uklanjanja arsena iz vode sorpcijom na nekonvencionalnim materijalima: prirodnim (zeolit, bentonit, sepiolit, limonit, piroluzit), otpadnim (otpadna šljaka, otpadni filtarski pesak) i modifikovanim (modifikovana otpadna šljaka, kvarcni pesak i aktivni ugalj impregnisani gvožđe(III)-hidroksidom). Pod istim uslovima paralelno su ispitivani komercijalni sorbenti radi poređenja rezultata. Uklanjanje arsena iz vode sorpcijom je ispitivana u šaržnom sistemu Najbolji rezultati u šaržnom sistemu dobijeni su sa otpadnim materijalima: za otpadnu šljaku i 30 μg/g za otpadni filtarski pesak (za Co=0,5 mg/L), što je u nivou vrednosti koje su dobijene za komercijalne sorbente za uklanjanje arsena. Zbog visokog sadržaja CaO, otpadna šljaka značajno povećava pH vrednost vode (pH= 11). Neutralizacijom otpadne šljake dobijen je nov materijal, modifikovana otpadna šljaka, većeg sorpcionog kapaciteta: 55

Sewer system management in extraordinary events

This paper deals with the problem of sewer system management in extraordinary conditions - by which are included both non-regular and special events. Extreme precipitation, thick layer of snow and its melting, extreme temperatures, odors, electrical energy shortage in main pumping stations, malfunctions of main pumping stations, obstruction of collecting pipes, discharge of septic tanks' contents in Belgrade Sewer System's (BSS) manholes, etc. belong to the group of non-regular events. As special events are considered damages of BSS's buildings and objects, high water levels of Danube and Sava, earthquakes, fires in main pumping stations, high concentration of pollution in sewer system and recipient water bodies, vandalism, occurrence of torrent streams in the Outskirts of BSS, large scale erosion of soil, etc