Spomenička baština Prvoga svjetskoga rata u Hrvatskoj od 1914. do danas

In this paper, the author offers a brief overview of the memorial heritage that was created/erected/set up in honour of the fallen Austro-Hungarian soldiers of World War I, including Croatian citizens from 1914 until today. Based on the extant research, the author presents a categorisation of sites of memory related to World War I and writes about the attitudes of the countries that existed on Croatian soil after the collapse of Austria-Hungary towards these sites up to the present.U ovom radu autorica daje kratak pregled spomeničke baštine koja je od 1914. godine do danas nastala/podignuta/postavljena u čast palim austro-ugarskim vojnicima iz Prvoga svjetskog rata hrvatskim državljanima. Autorica na temelju dosadašnjih istraživanja daje kategorizaciju spomeničkih mjesta vezanih uz Prvi svjetski rat te piše o odnosu država koje su nastale na hrvatskom tlu nakon raspada Austro-Ugarske prema tim mjestima sjećanja do danas

FRAGMENTS FROM THE HISTORY OF THE CROATIAN JEWS DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918)

During the First World War Jews suffered the same as other Croatian citizens. They were mobilized and sent to fight on all fronts, some died and were buried a long way from their homes, some were wounded or left permanently disabled. They effectively froze their social activities, and devoted themselves to volunteer work. At the end of the war, they were faced with many problems, impoverished (apart from a few individuals who made their fortune during the war), often the target of the “Green cadres”, whose looting and burning scared many Jews into migrating to urban centres or abroad. One of the Jews’ greatest problems was the collapse of Austria-Hungary, which left them divided among several newly-created states, which in turn forced further migrations, when the local Jews were unable to obtain Yugoslav citizenship, and were forced to either move back to their “home” countries, or migrate to other parts of Europe, or even America

FRAGMENTS FROM THE HISTORY OF THE CROATIAN JEWS DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918)

During the First World War Jews suffered the same as other Croatian citizens. They were mobilized and sent to fight on all fronts, some died and were buried a long way from their homes, some were wounded or left permanently disabled. They effectively froze their social activities, and devoted themselves to volunteer work. At the end of the war, they were faced with many problems, impoverished (apart from a few individuals who made their fortune during the war), often the target of the “Green cadres”, whose looting and burning scared many Jews into migrating to urban centres or abroad. One of the Jews’ greatest problems was the collapse of Austria-Hungary, which left them divided among several newly-created states, which in turn forced further migrations, when the local Jews were unable to obtain Yugoslav citizenship, and were forced to either move back to their “home” countries, or migrate to other parts of Europe, or even America

MATRIMONIAL LAW IN CROATIA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Tema ovog rada je razvoj ženidbenog (bračnog) prava u 19. stoljeću u Hrvatskoj, s osvrtom na njegove različitosti u pojedinim dijelovima Hrvatske, jer je u Dalmaciji i Istri na snazi bilo austrijsko, Međimurju, Baranji i Rijeci ugarsko pravo, a u Kraljevini Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji odredbe Općeg građanskog zakonika i Zakona o brakovima katolika te Naputak za duhovne sudove u bračnim predmetima. Posebno su obraćeni građanski (civilni) i mješoviti brakovi te reakcije javnosti prema pokušajima uvođenja građanskog braka.Since Croatia was politically and territorially divided in the nineteenth century, there simultaneously existed several distinct and in some aspect contradictory law systems. Likewise, the attitude towards marriage in these systems was different. Accordingly, these attitudes were based on the canon law, common law and also confessional law, which provided additional complication. In the north-west Croatia marriages was regulated by the canon law seeing the marriage as a confessional institution, which was result of the Concordat with the Holy See (1855) together with the Zakon za ženidbe katolika u carevi-ni austrijskoj [Law for the Catholic marriages in the Empire of Austria] and Naputak za duhovne stolove u cesarevini austrijskoj glede stvari ženidbenih [Instruction for the ecclesiastical courts regarding the matrimonial affairs in the Empire of Austria] that dated from 1856. According to these instructions all the recognised religious communities could perform their distinct confessional law and regulate marriage affairs. In Istria and Dal-matia General civil code, together with Naputak, was in power until 1868. In this year the new law issued (Zakon o uspostavi svjetskog bračnog prava i o uvođenju građanskog braka za nuždu (Nothzivilehe) za osobe svih vjeroispovjesti – Law about the establishment of the global matrimonial law and implementation of the civil marriage for the necessity (Nothzivilehe) for the all religions). However, this law was implemented only in accor-dance with the second section of the old Global civil code, which was slightly modified. Still, some other laws were introduced, such as laws regarding inter-confessional relations (1868), law about the attempts of reconciliation before matrimonial separation (1868), law that regulated marriages among different Christian confessions (1868), and law on the marriages among the atheists (1870). In the middle of these regulations, authorities also introduced the obligation of the civil marriage at the end of 1869. In the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia Naputak was on power during all the period of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. In Međimurje, Baranya, and Rijeka Civil code with the institution of the civil marriage was on power (from 1894). Since each confessional group had different attitudes towards marriage separation, such cases were treated differently in each part of the Croatian lands. Roman-Catholics did not allow such separation, and spouses could not be remarried. On the other hand, Orthodox, Protestant and Jewish confessions allowed such separation. Therefore in Croatia and Slavonia institution of civil marriage was not introduced until 1946, while such institution existed in Dalmatia, Istria, Međimurje, Ba-ranya and Rijeka. Because of these divergences there occurred many problems regarding the education of children and attempts of the separation

The Restitution of Jewish Property in Croatia (From the Enactment of the Law on the Restitution of Property Taken under the Yugoslav Communist Rule to the Present)

U ovom radu autorica piše o povratu židovske imovine u Hrvatskoj, od devedesetih godina 20. stoljeća do danas. Zbog nedorečenih zakona te sporosti hrvatskog sudstva pitanje povrata židovske imovine još uvijek nije riješeno, a uglavnom se aktualizira kada se netko od hrvatskih vlasti sastaje s nekim iz Izraela ili američke administracije. Prema sadašnjim aktualnim propisima jedina židovska imovina koju je moguće vratiti je ona oduzeta nakon 1945. godine, dok je imovina koja je oduzeta u vrijeme NDH ostala nedirnuta, odnosno „zaštićena“ zakonima koji su doneseni još za vrijeme Jugoslavije. Sadašnji povrat oduzete imovine provodi se prema Zakonu o naknadi za imovinu, oduzetu za vrijeme jugoslavenske komunističke vladavine, koji je stupio na snagu 1997. godine, pri čemu su pravo povrata ili naknade imali samo hrvatski državljani u prvom nasljednom redu. Zakon je dopunjen 2002., kada je odlučeno da i stranci imaju pravo povrata. Od 2002. godine očekuju se izmjene Zakona o naknadi, posebice one koje se tiču židovske imovine koja nema nasljednika, ali do danas nisu donesene. Točan broj zaprimljenih i riješenih zahtjeva još uvijek je neutvrđen.The author discusses the restitution of Jewish property in Croatia from the 1990s to the present. Due to vague laws and the sluggishness of the Croatian judiciary, the issue of the restitution of Jewish property has yet to be resolved. Generally, restitution only occurs when someone from the Croatian government meets with someone from Israel or the American administration. According to current regulations, the only Jewish property that can be returned is that confiscated after 1945, while property confiscated during the regime of the Independent State of Croatia has remained intact, i.e., “protected“ by laws that were adopted at the time of the former Yugoslavia. The current restitution of property is being carried out according to the Law on the Restitution of Property Taken under the Yugoslav Communist Rule, which went into force in 1997, according to which only Croatian citizens and their direct heirs were eligible for restitution or compensation of property. The law was amended in 2002, when it was ruled that foreign claimants were entitled to restitution. Since 2002, amendments to this law have been anticipated, particularly regarding Jewish property in cases when there are no heirs, but nothing has been done so far. The precise numbers of claims received and resolved remain unclear