22 research outputs found

    Roots of Perennial Grasses in the Recovery of Soils Degraded by Coal Mining in Southern Brazil

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    Revegetation of degraded soils is crucial to prevent erosion and improve soil structure and quality. We aimed to elucidate the role of the root system of grasses on the reclamation of a soil constructed after coal mining. In Candiota city, in Brazil, perennial grasses (Hemarthria, Paspalum, Cynodon, and Brizantha) were cultivated for 103 months, when soil samples were collected from 0.00–0.30 m layer. The root development of these species substantially decreased in depth, reflecting soil restrictive conditions, as high soil penetration resistance, especially below 0.10 m, assigned to the use of heavy machinery during soil construction. Below 0.10 m depth, fine and flattened roots were observed, which penetrated through the cracks of compacted soil layers. Regardless of the soil layer, all plant species had a greater proportion of roots 0.50 mm diameter class, averaged 92 and 8%, respectively. Below 0.10 m depth, Brizantha increased the proportion of roots >0.50 mm diameter class, while the other grasses increased the proportion of roots <0.49 mm diameter class. The highest root density, volume, and length observed for Brizantha along the soil profile indicate its high potential to improve physical attributes and therefore the quality of the constructed soil

    Condição física e desenvolvimento radicular de gramíneas em solo construído após mineração de carvão

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    The objective of this work was to evaluate the root development of the physical condition and the potential of agricultural use of a constructed minesoil after coal mining, besides the root development of tropical grasses in this soil, considering different revegetation periods. The soil was constructed in early 2003, and the experiment was installed in November/December 2007. Soil physical condition was evaluated in plots vegetated with perennial grasses such as Urochloa humidicola, Panicum maximum, and U. brizantha. In July 2012, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken for determining physical and chemical attributes in the 0.00–0.10, 0.10–0.20, and 0.20–0.30-m soil layers. Soil monoliths were collected for characterizing the root system. After 58 months of revegetation, the physical condition of the constructed minesoil is still inadequate to an agricultural use that requires intensive soil management. Among the evaluated layers, only the 0.00–0.10-m layer provides conditions for the soil to function properly in the ecosystem. Urochloa brizantha was more promising for the recovery of soil structure in the 0.00–0.10-m soil layer, and root density was the most sensitive attribute to distinguish the potential development of the different species in this layer.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a condição física e a potencialidade de uso agrícola de um solo construído após mineração com carvão, além do desenvolvimento radicular de gramíneas tropicais nesse solo, tendo‑se considerado diferentes períodos de revegetação. O solo foi construído no início de 2003, e o experimento instalado em novembro/dezembro de 2007. A condição física do solo construído foi avaliada nas parcelas ocupadas por gramíneas perenes, como Urochloa humidicola, Panicum maximum e U. brizantha. Em julho de 2012, foram coletadas amostras de solo com estrutura preservada e não preservada para a determinação dos atributos físico-químicos, nas camadas de 0,00–0,10, 0,10–0,20 e 0,20–0,30 m. Monólitos de solo foram coletados para caracterização do sistema radicular das diferentes gramíneas. Após 58 meses de revegetação, a condição física do solo construído ainda é inadequada ao uso agrícola que envolva práticas mais intensivas de manejo de solo. Entre as camadas avaliadas, somente a de 0,00–0,10 m fornece condições para que o solo cumpra suas funções no ecossistema. Urochloa brizantha mostra-se mais promissora para a recuperação da estrutura do solo na camada de 0,00–0,10 m, e a densidade radicular foi o atributo mais sensível para a diferenciação do desenvolvimento potencial das diferentes espécies nesta camada

    Reclamation of Soils Degraded by Surface Coal Mining

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    The largest Brazilian coal mine, called Candiota mine, is located in South Brazil, with an estimated reserve about 1.2 billion tons. Since late 2003, an experiment located at a reclaimed site in a coal mining area was conducted, in which a research group from the Federal University of Pelotas has been conducting a long-term experiment on soil quality with different plants species, such as Hemarthria altissima, Paspalum notatum cv. Pensacola, Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton, and Urochloa brizantha. After 8.6 years of revegetation, soil samples at 0.20 depth were collected in minesoil and natural soil to determine physical attributes, and the organic carbon content. After 10.9 years of revegetation, soil samples at 0.10 m depth were collected to determine the biological attributes. According to the research results, it can be seen that the recovery of minesoil was more effective after 8.6 years of revegetation only in the physical condition up to 0.10 m depth. However, all soil physical attributes and organic matter content are still below the levels observed in the natural soil. The biological attributes after 10.9 years of revegetation have not yet been sufficient to restore a mites and springtails population close to the natural soil

    Impact of Revegetation on Ecological Restoration of a Constructed Soil in a Coal Mining in Southern Brazil

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    The main problems in the constructed soils are the generation of acid mine drainage promoted by the presence of coal debris in the overburden layer and the compaction of the topsoil promoted by the machine traffic when the material used in the overburden cover is more clayey. This book chapter aimed to show an overview of the impact of more than a decade of revegetation with different perennial grasses on the chemical, physical, and biological quality of constructed soil after coal mining. The study was carried out in a coal mining area, located in southern Brazil. The soil was constructed in early 2003 and the perennial grasses, Hemarthria altissima; Paspalum notatum cv. Pensacola; Cynodon dactylon cv Tifton; and Urochloa brizantha; were implanted in November/December 2003. In 11.5, 17.6 and 18 years of revegetation soil samples were collected and the chemical, physical, and biological attributes were determined. Our results show that liming is an important practice in the restoration of these strongly anthropized soils because this positively impacts the plants’ development, facilitating the roots system expansion. Biological attributes such as soil fauna and the microorganism’s population are the attributes that possibly takes longer to establish itself in these areas

    Physical Quality of Soils in a Toposequence of a Forest Fragment under Livestock Activity in a Watershed in South Brazil

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    The conservation of native forests is fundamental to the preservation of hydric resources in the landscape. The use of animals in forest fragments has resulted in degradations in the soil, resulting in the grating of these. Thus, soil classes were studied and physical parameters of forest soils were evaluated in areas without and with cattle grazing in the “Arroio Pelotas” watershed, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, extreme south of Brazil. The results were submitted to statistical analysis with the Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test with a significance level of 5%. The means of the physical parameters of soil in the same toposequence and layers with and without the presence of livestock were compared. By analyzing soil physical attributes (density, macroporosity, and microporosity) it can be seen that the structural quality of the soil is affected by the access of animals inside the forest fragments, especially in the upper layer of the soil (0–5 cm deep). In forest fragments without access to animals, the physical structure of the soil presented the best conditions of macroporosity and, consequently, greater protection of nutrients, microorganisms, and water resources. Therefore, it is concluded that conservation by the isolation of protective forests in rural property planning benefits the quality of forest soils

    Root development of perennial grasses and their efficiency in the recovery of physical attributes of a compacted constructed soil in coal mining area

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    The constructed soil development in mined areas provides an opportunity to expand the existing knowledge on the formation and stabilization of aggregates, as well as on the accumulation and distribution of organic matter and microbial biomass, since due to the magnitude of ecosystem disturbance, it creates a scenario of "zero time". Scientific research on the recovery of degraded areas has attributed to the root system of plants many of the improvements in physical, chemical and biological soil attributes; however, few studies have been done to prove that such behavior is real. Therefore, the overall objective of this study is to analyze the root development of perennial grasses in minesoils constructed after coal mining and relate the results of the physical and chemical soil attributes after 103 months of establishment of plant species. The soil was constructed in early 2003 and the treatments started in November/December 2003. The plants species evaluated were Hemarthria altissima, Paspalum notatum cv. Pensacola, Cynodon dactylon cv Tifton, and Urochloa brizantha. In order to evaluate changes due to soil construction and the estimated recovery time of the attributes of the new formed profile, a natural soil under native vegetation was used as reference. Sixteen (4x4) soil monoliths to a depth of 0.30m were taken for root sampling, 96 undisturbed samples and 48 disturbed samples were taken to a depth of 0.30m for determining soil attributes. After 103 months of revegetation, the roots of grasses are promoting the recovery of physical conditions along the 0.00 to 0.10m soil layer, through the formation of new aggregates, the decrease in soil bulk density and soil penetration resistance and increased soil macroporosity. The decrease in root development and the flattening of the roots of all species reflect the inadequate soil physical below the 0.00 to 0.10m layer due to the presence of aggregates formed originally by compression, high bulk density and soil resistance to penetration and low macroporosity. Below 0.20m depth, even in the presence of spoils with active sulfurization process, it is observed the presence of a small proportion of roots. Regardless of the layer evaluated, all the plant species showed higher concentration of roots with diameter from 0.25 to 0.49mm, considered very fine. However, in the layers beneath 0.00-0.10m the Urochloa brizantha increased emission of roots with diameter from 0.50 to 0.99mm, while Hemarthria altissima, the Paspalum notatum, Cynodon dactylon increased even more the roots with diameter between 0.25 to 0.49mm. Among the species, Urochloa brizantha stands out for its higher density, volume, area and root length, thus presenting a greater potential to recover the physical attributes of constructed soils from degraded areas by coal mining, especially those below the surface layer of 0.00 to 0.10m. The indication of this and other species for the recovery of soils constructed after coal mining should take into account the thickness of the topsoil layer placed over the overburden, because the roots of these species have potential to deepen their root system and thus accelerate the sulfurization process. In the first 0.20m layer of the constructed soil the chemical attributes are suitable for root development. Low carbon content in free light and occluded light fractions from 0.00 to 0.20m are related to degradation of soil structure, which hinders root development in depth, as well as the presence of soil organisms responsible for transforming the root residues in organic matter. A recovery of physical attributes of constructed soil, mainly below of 0,00-0.10-0.20m layer, proves to be slow compared to the attributes of a natural soil, possibly due to the low initial contribution of organic carbon in the system.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESO desenvolvimento do solo a partir da recomposição de áreas mineradas fornece oportunidade para expandir o conhecimento existente sobre formação e estabilização de agregados, acumulação e distribuição da matéria orgânica e da biomassa microbiana, pois devido à magnitude da perturbação do ecossistema, criase um cenário de “tempo zero. Trabalhos sobre recuperação de áreas degradadas têm atribuído ao sistema radicular das plantas muitas das melhorias nos atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo, entretanto poucos estudos são realizados para comprovar que tal comportamento é verdadeiro. Portanto, o objetivo geral do presente trabalho é analisar o desenvolvimento radicular de gramíneas perenes em solos construídos após a mineração de carvão e relacionar seus resultados com os atributos físicos e químicos do solo após 103 meses de implantação das espécies vegetais. O solo foi construído no início de 2003 e o experimento instalado em novembro/dezembro de 2003. As espécies vegetais avaliadas foram a Hemarthria altissima, o Paspalum notatum cv. Pensacola, o Cynodon dactylon cv Tifton e a Urochloa brizantha. No intuito de avaliar as mudanças decorrentes da construção do solo e o tempo aproximado de recuperação dos atributos do novo perfil formado, foi utilizado o solo natural sob vegetação nativa como referência. A amostragem de raízes foi realizada com a retirada de 16 monólitos de solo até a profundidade de 0,30m e a amostragem de solo foi feita através da coleta de 48 amostras com estrutura não preservada e 96 amostras com estrutura preservada até a profundidade de 0,30m. Após 103 meses de revegetação, as raízes das gramíneas promoveram a recuperação das condições físicas na camada de 0,00-0,10m através da formação de novos agregados, da diminuição da densidade, da resistência do solo à penetração e do aumento da macroporosidade do solo. A restrição do desenvolvimento radicular e o achatamento das raízes de todas as espécies em profundidade refletem as condições físicas inadequadas abaixo da camada de 0,00- 0,10m, devido à presença de agregados formados originalmente por compressão, e consequentemente alta densidade e resistência do solo à penetração e baixa macroporosidade. Abaixo dos 0,20m de profundidade, mesmo onde ocorre a presença de estéril com desenvolvimento do processo de sulfurização ativa, se observa a presença de uma pequena proporção de raízes. Independente da camada avaliada, todas as espécies vegetais apresentaram maior concentração de raízes de diâmetro 0,25-0,49mm, consideradas muito finas. Entretanto, nas camadas abaixo de 0,00-0,10m, a Urochloa brizantha aumentou a emissão de raízes com diâmetro de 0,50-0,99mm, enquanto que a Hemarthria altissima, o Paspalum notatum e o Cynodon dactylon aumentaram ainda mais a emissão de raízes no diâmetro de 0,25-0,49mm. Entre as espécies, a Urochloa brizantha se destaca pela sua maior densidade, volume, área e comprimento radicular, apresentando assim um maior potencial em recuperar os atributos físicos de áreas degradadas, principalmente abaixo das camadas de 0,00-0,10m. A indicação desta e das demais espécies na recuperação de solos construídos após mineração de carvão deve levar em conta a espessura da camada de solo reposta sobre os estéreis, pois as raízes destas espécies apresentam potencial de desenvolvimento em profundidade, podendo acelerar o processo de sulfurização. Nos primeiros 0,20m do solo construído, os atributos químicos mostram-se adequados ao desenvolvimento radicular. O baixo teor de carbono nas frações leve livre e leve oclusa até a profundidade de 0,20m estão relacionados à degradação da estrutura do solo, que dificulta o desenvolvimento das raízes em profundidade, assim como a presença de organismos do solo responsáveis pela transformação dos resíduos radiculares em matéria orgânica. A recuperação dos atributos físicos do solo construído, principalmente abaixo da camada de 0,00-0,10m, mostra ser lenta quando comparada com os atributos de um solo natural, possivelmente devido ao baixo aporte inicial de carbono orgânico no sistema

    Physical attributes of a constructed soil in coal mining area grown with different plant species, southern Brazil.

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    The largest Brazilian coal mine is located in the municipality of Candiota, Rio Grande do Sul state. Carbon seams lie near the surface around 10 to 25 meters deep, it can be mined open-pit. This mining method uses a dragline, a large machine for removing carbon, it involves changes in topography, vegetation and hydrological regime of the area. Density, porosity and water retention are directly affected. The major change of constructed soil physical attributes comes from removal of layers of original soil and deposition on the regeneration areas. Excessive machinery traffic during soil construction causes compaction of the area, it makes difficult water infiltration into soil profile facilitating water erosion, and inhibiting the vegetation of the area. The use of soil uncompressed plants is an important strategy on recovering soil structural quality. The knowledge of physical parameters as density and aggregation of constructed soils in mining areas must be considered of great importance for evaluating physical attributes since it can indicates changes in porosity, degree of compaction, root penetration, and water and air permeability. Mechanical parameters as pre- consolidation pressure and compression index can indicate soil bearing capacity. The general objective of the work was analyze the potential of different cover crops on recovery of coal mining degraded areas, by determining physicmechanical parameters of the constructed soil over time. Treatments with single plants established in October-November, 2007 were analyzed T1- Capim vaquero (Cynodon dactilon), T2 - Braquiaria brizanta (Brachiaria brizantha), T3 - Tanzânia (Panicum maximun), T4 - Braquiaria humidícola (Brachiaria humidicola), T7 - Hemartria (Hemarthria altissima), T8 - Grama Tifton (Cynodon dactilon). Constructed soil without cover crops was used as a control SCSP in order to observe the action of plants on constructed soil attributes recovery. As general conclusions we can state that because of little time for establishing the experiment, the cover crop had incipient action on improvement of physical attributes, but when compared with control presented highest density and porosity, DPM, and percentage of macroaggregates, highlighting Brachiaria.A maior jazida brasileira de carvão mineral localiza-se em Candiota-RS. Nesta localidade o carvão encontra-se próximo à superfície, em torno de 10 a 25m de profundidade, podendo ser minerado a céu aberto. Este método de lavra emprega a dragline , máquina de grande porte, para remoção do carvão, acarretando em modificações na topografia, na vegetação e no regime hidrológico da área. Logo, a principal alteração dos atributos físicos do solo construído advém da remoção das camadas do solo original e deposição nas áreas de regeneração. O excessivo tráfego de máquinas durante a construção do solo acarreta na compactação da área, dificultando a infiltração da água ao longo do perfil, facilitando a erosão hídrica e inibindo a revegetação da área. O uso de plantas que atuam como descompactadoras do solo constitui-se importante estratégia na recuperação da qualidade estrutural de solo. O conhecimento de parâmetros físicos como a densidade e a agregação de solos construídos em áreas de mineração deve ser considerado de grande importância na avaliação dos atributos físicos, já que poderá indicar as mudanças ocorridas na porosidade, grau de compactação, penetração das raízes e permeabilidade da água e do ar. Os parâmetros mecânicos como a pressão de pré-consolidação e o índice de compressão podem indicar a capacidade de suporte de carga do solo, podendo evitar a compactação adicional da área. Neste contexto, o objetivo geral do trabalho foi analisar o potencial de diferentes plantas de cobertura na recuperação de áreas degradadas pela mineração de carvão, através da determinação de parâmetros físico-mecânicos do solo construído, ao longo do tempo. Foram analisados os tratamentos com as plantas solteiras, implantadas em outubro/novembro de 2007: T1- Capim vaquero (Cynodon dactilon), T2 - Braquiaria brizanta (Brachiaria brizantha), T3 - Tanzânia (Panicum maximun), T4 - Braquiaria humidícola (Brachiaria humidicola), T7 - Hemartria (Hemarthria altissima), T8 - Grama Tifton (Cynodon dactilon). Como testemunha usou-se o solo construído sem plantas de cobertura SCSP, no intuito de observar a ação das plantas na recuperação dos atributos do solo construído. Como conclusões gerais pode-se dizer que devido ao pouco tempo de implantação do experimento, as plantas de cobertura tiveram ação incipiente na melhoria dos atributos físicos-mecânicos, mas ao serem comparadas com a testemunha, apresentaram melhores valores de densidade, porosidade total, DMP e porcentagem de macroagregados, destacando as braquiarias, até o presente momento

    Carbono da biomassa microbiana e respiração basal de um solo construído sob revegetação de gramíneas perenes

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    O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a CBM e RB de um solo construído após a mineração de carvão, e que está sob revegetação de gramíneas perenes de verão por 18 anos e de manejo de roçada a 12,3 anos
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