Unlocking Temporal Question Answering for Large Language Models Using Code Execution

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant progress in natural language processing (NLP), and are utilized extensively in various applications. Recent works, such as chain-of-thought (CoT), have shown that intermediate reasoning steps can improve the performance of LLMs for complex reasoning tasks, such as math problems and symbolic question-answering tasks. However, we notice the challenge that LLMs face when it comes to temporal reasoning. Our preliminary experiments show that generating intermediate reasoning steps does not always boost the performance of complex temporal question-answering tasks. Therefore, we propose a novel framework that combines the extraction capability of LLMs and the logical reasoning capability of a Python solver to tackle this issue. Extensive experiments and analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework in handling intricate time-bound reasoning tasks

Treatment of insomnia in myasthenia gravis—A prospective study on non-benzodiazepine hypnotics in the treatment of myasthenia gravis patients with insomnia

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics in the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) patients with insomnia.MethodsThis is a prospective longitudinal study. Outpatients who met the criteria for stable MG and insomnia diagnosis according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (third edition) were included in the study. They took a regular dose of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (zolpidem 10 mg per night or zopiclone 7.5 mg per night) based on their own preferences. Patients received psychotherapy (including sleep health education) and were followed up for 4–5 weeks. Cases with lung diseases, respiratory disorders, or inappropriate use of hypnotic medications were excluded. The primary outcome is the difference in total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score between baseline and the end of follow-up period. Secondary outcomes include the difference in Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL) score, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) between baseline and the end of follow-up period and the safety of medication.ResultsA total of 75 MG patients with insomnia were included in this study. After 4–5 weeks of treatment, the total PSQI score and MG-ADL score were lower than baseline (p < 0.01). No patients had an increased MG-ADL score. The incidence rate of adverse events was 16.0% (12 cases), including dizziness (6 cases, 8.0%), drowsiness (3 cases, 4.0%), fatigue (2 cases, 2.7%), and nausea (1 case, 1.3%), all of which were mild. No patients had new onset breathing disorders.ConclusionNon-benzodiazepine hypnotics are safe and effective for stable MG patients who need insomnia treatment

The survey of serum retinol of the children aged 0~4 years in Zhejiang Province, China

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Vitamin A can have a positive impact on growth and development of children, but vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was found to be a public health problem in Zhejiang Province, China in 1998. There have been no studies on this topic in Zhejiang Province recently. This study was designed to evaluate the serum retinol levels of children aged 0~4 years in Zhejiang Province, southeast China. This epidemiological data will help design supplementation strategies for vitamin A in high-risk groups and improve their vitamin A status.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Children were randomly recruited for this study using a stratified sampling method. A blood sample was collected from each child. Assessment included C-reactive protein (CRP), serum retinol measured with HPLC and a questionnaire completed providing for family information and nutritional status. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors for VAD in children.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A group of 357 subjects aged 1 day to 4 years were recruited. The mean plasma retinol concentration was 1.653 (sd 0.47) μmol/L. There were 3.08% (11/357) of children affected with VAD, and 7.28% (26/357) of children had low vitamin A status, but none of the children showed any clinical symptoms of VAD. There was no significant difference in the levels of plasma retinol and the incidence rate of VAD between male and female children. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that living in urban region, having parents with good education and taking vitamin A capsule regularly prevented children from VAD, whereas being young (less than 2 years old) was a risk factor.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Low vitamin A status remains a nutritional problem in Zhejiang Province. The high-risk group in this study were young, dwelled in rural regions, had parents with poor education and did not take a regular vitamin A containing supplement.</p

Explaining the decision-making process.

Human behavior has always been a complex area of study. Besides psychologists, behavioral economists have also been exploring possible economic reasons to explain why humans behave the way they do. Our paper seeks to better understand human‘s decision-making behavior through conducting classroom experiments in Nanyang Technological University. We find that the behavior of mental accounting and prospect theory are not evident in our experiment. Respondents do not react to the framing of the vouchers given and instead, choose their choice of voucher randomly. Neither grouping, gender, nationality and brand awareness has an effect on their choice of voucher.Bachelor of Art

Flexible Phase Synchronization for Wireless Optical Coherent Communication System With Adaptive Fractionally-Spaced Blind Equalization Combined With Adaptive Kalman Filter

Wireless optical coherent communication can be used as the backbone supporting technology of air-space-ground-sea-integrated network. In wireless optical coherent communication, the information can be demodulated from the carrier correctly only when the phase synchronization is accurate. Operating in different systems and diverse environments presents challenges for phase synchronization, especially lasers with different line-widths and atmospheric turbulence channels that cause scintillation and wave-front distortion. We propose a combination of adaptive fractionally-spaced blind equalization and adaptive kalman filter to realize phase synchronization under different line-widths and different scintillation and wave-front distortion. This combination which changed the limitation that the original settings of each part is not directly applicable to atmospheric channel combines spatial diversity in a natural way, jointly removes amplitude noise and phase noise more thoroughly with the optimal bandwidth, and can realize phase synchronization under time-varying conditions. The signal quality of the proposed scheme with constant parameter output can be improved 1-2dB in both mean square error (MSE) and symbol to error ratio (SER) compared to traditional equal gain combining (EGC) followed by Viterbi-Viterbi phase estimation (VVPE) and the proposed constant parameter scheme has more laser line-width options. The proposed scheme with noise parameter corrected by Autoregressive method outperforms the constant parameter scheme 1-2dB at both MSE and SER and has higher and wider line-width selections. With this design, phase synchronization can be more flexible to adapt to dynamic changes, which will be more suitable for future applications of wireless optical networks with dynamic,noisy, diverse environment

Singapore teens' perceived ownership of online sources and credibility

This study investigates teenage attitudes towards unofficial versus mainstream media as a source of information. It starts from three unproven premises. First, that young people place more trust in unofficial online news than in mainstream media, because they feel a greater ownership of the cyberworld. Second, due to a perception of authoritarian control over Singapore's mainstream media, truth and accuracy in unofficial sources are of secondary importance to a feeling of ownership. Third, teenagers' need for accuracy is secondary to their need for ownership and differentiation; and, unofficial information sources are a badge of identity worn by the young. The study found that perceived ownership of a medium is secondary to its utilitarian function. Content is more important than platform. Off-line media were preferred for current affairs and sports, where reliability and convenience were important. This went in tandem with greater interest in current affairs among academic high fliers, and a greater interest in entertainment among others. Online media were preferred for entertainment and leisure information, where accuracy and reliability were secondary to attitude