A comparação das orações relativas resumptivas em chinês e em português europeu

O chinês é uma língua peculiar em termos de orações relativas, porque línguas de SVO como, por exemplo, o inglês e o português, têm orações relativas de núcleo inicial, isto é, os antecedentes precedem as relativas. O chinês, porém, apesar de ser uma língua SVO no domínio da frase, é uma língua de núcleo final no domínio do sintagma nominal. Para além disso, o chinês, diferentemente do português, não tem pronomes relativos e o elemento que introduz as orações relativas é a partícula de, um morfema usado em todas as construções de modificação de nome. Por isso, há estudos que assumem que o chinês não tem orações relativas. Assume-se neste trabalho que o chinês tem, efetivamente, orações relativas e que a partícula de quando ocorrem nelas é um complementador. Depois de esclarecer este problema, assumir-se-á subsequentemente que há no total, três estratégias centrais para as orações relativas em chinês, a saber, a estratégia canónica, a estratégia resumptiva e a estratégia cortadora. A estratégia canónica envolve vazios e pode ocorrer em todas as posições. A estratégia resumptiva aplica-se a posições de OI, OBL e GEN. A estratégia cortadora é marginal e apenas se aplica na posição de OI. As relativas formadas por estratégias distintas têm propriedades diversas entre si. Irei focar-me na estratégia resumptiva em chinês. Constata-se que as relativas resumptivas em chinês exibem comportamentos idênticos aos das relativas resumptivas em português e que a única diferença é a sensibilidade a efeitos de ilha. Conclui-se que a operação de Agree se encontra envolvida nas relativas resumptivas em chinês, mas não em português.Chinese is a unique language in terms of its usage of relative clauses. The word order in the sentence is usually related to the order between the antecedent (i.e., the head of the relative clause) and the relative clause. In SVO languages such as English and Portuguese, the antecedents are considered to be head-initial. However, in Chinese, which is also a SVO language, the NP/DP domain is head-final. In addition, Chinese does not have relative pronouns, which are usually essential to form a relative clause. Instead, Chinese relative clauses are introduced by the particle de, which is shared by all the other noun-modifying clauses. That is to say, relative clauses in Chinese have the same structure as noun-modifying clauses. It is specifically for that reason that some authors have claimed that there are no relative clauses in Chinese. It will be proposed in this study that Chinese indeed have relative clauses and in these cases, the particle de functions as a complementizer. Having this in mind, It’s assumed further that there are three core strategies to form relative clauses in Chinese: the canonic, the resumptive and the chopping strategies, respectively. Relative clauses formed by the canonic strategy can occur in any position. The resumptive relatives occur in the IO, OBL and GEN positions. And the chopping strategy, which is marginal in Chinese, only goes with the IO position. Relative clauses formed by different strategies have different properties. Here the focus is on the resumptive relative clauses in Chinese, and making a comparison of it to European Portuguese. The key observation is that the only difference between Chinese and Portuguese relative clauses is when they occur in an island. That is, Chinese resumptive clauses are sensitive to island constraint while Portuguese resumptive clauses are not. It’s concluded in the end, under the Minimalist Program, that the Agree occurs in Chinese resumptive relative clauses but not in Portuguese resumptive relative clauses

3D-Epigenomic Regulation of Gene Transcription in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

The fundamental cause of transcription dysregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains elusive. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, comprehensive 3D-epigenomic analyses are performed in cellular models of THLE2 (a normal hepatocytes cell line) and HepG2 (a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line) using integrative approaches for chromatin topology, genomic and epigenomic variation, and transcriptional output. Comparing the 3D-epigenomes in THLE2 and HepG2 reveal that most HCC-associated genes are organized in complex chromatin interactions mediated by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). Incorporation of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data enables the identification of non-coding genetic variants that are enriched in distal enhancers connecting to the promoters of HCC-associated genes via long-range chromatin interactions, highlighting their functional roles. Interestingly, CTCF binding and looping proximal to HCC-associated genes appear to form chromatin architectures that overarch RNAPII-mediated chromatin interactions. It is further demonstrated that epigenetic variants by DNA hypomethylation at a subset of CTCF motifs proximal to HCC-associated genes can modify chromatin topological configuration, which in turn alter RNAPII-mediated chromatin interactions and lead to dysregulation of transcription. Together, the 3D-epigenomic analyses provide novel insights of multifaceted interplays involving genetics, epigenetics, and chromatin topology in HCC cells

Understanding the Effects of Climate Change on the Distributional Range of Plateau Fish: A Case Study of Species Endemic to the Hexi River System in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Prediction of species’ potentially suitable distribution areas and their range shifts under future climate change has long been the focus of macroecology and biogeography. Gymnocypris chilianensis of Schizothoracinae and Triplophysa hsutschouensis of Triplophysa are isolated to the Shiyang, Heihe, and Shule Rivers of the Hexi River system, listed from east to west, along the northeastern part of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). This spatial distribution provides a valuable set of conditions for investigating patterns of habitat suitability and potential impacts of accelerated plateau climate change on endemic plateau fish species. Here, we employed the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to first evaluate potentially suitable habitats of the two species and identify the primary impact factors under the current climate based on occurrence records and environmental variables; then, we predicted changes in suitable habitat areas and distribution centers under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), 2.6 and 8.5, for the future (2050 and 2070). The results showed that annual precipitation and altitude were the two most important environmental factors predicting the suitable habitat of G. chilianensis and T. hsutschouensis. The areas of suitable habitat for G. chilianensis and T. hsutschouensis experienced a sequential westward decrease from the Shiyang River towards the Heihe and Shule Rivers under the current climate conditions. Under future climate changes, the areas of the potential geographical distribution of G. chilianensis and T. hsutschouensis were concentrated eastward towards the Shiyang River, the area of the species’ ancestral origins. Suitable habitat centers of the two species shifted eastward from the Heihe River to the Shiyang River and higher altitude areas. Additionally, G. chilianensis showed a greater reduction in suitable habitat and greater eastward range shift compared to T. hsutschouensis. These findings provide empirical evidence that accelerated climate change on the QTP has severe consequences for endemic populations with restricted and isolated habitats. This study demonstrates that different plateau fish have similarities and differences in their responses to climate change. Our findings also highlight that the effects of climate change must be incorporated into the integrated conservation plans for fish species on the QTP and its adjacent areas

Understanding the Effects of Climate Change on the Distributional Range of Plateau Fish: A Case Study of Species Endemic to the Hexi River System in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Prediction of species’ potentially suitable distribution areas and their range shifts under future climate change has long been the focus of macroecology and biogeography. Gymnocypris chilianensis of Schizothoracinae and Triplophysa hsutschouensis of Triplophysa are isolated to the Shiyang, Heihe, and Shule Rivers of the Hexi River system, listed from east to west, along the northeastern part of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). This spatial distribution provides a valuable set of conditions for investigating patterns of habitat suitability and potential impacts of accelerated plateau climate change on endemic plateau fish species. Here, we employed the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to first evaluate potentially suitable habitats of the two species and identify the primary impact factors under the current climate based on occurrence records and environmental variables; then, we predicted changes in suitable habitat areas and distribution centers under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), 2.6 and 8.5, for the future (2050 and 2070). The results showed that annual precipitation and altitude were the two most important environmental factors predicting the suitable habitat of G. chilianensis and T. hsutschouensis. The areas of suitable habitat for G. chilianensis and T. hsutschouensis experienced a sequential westward decrease from the Shiyang River towards the Heihe and Shule Rivers under the current climate conditions. Under future climate changes, the areas of the potential geographical distribution of G. chilianensis and T. hsutschouensis were concentrated eastward towards the Shiyang River, the area of the species’ ancestral origins. Suitable habitat centers of the two species shifted eastward from the Heihe River to the Shiyang River and higher altitude areas. Additionally, G. chilianensis showed a greater reduction in suitable habitat and greater eastward range shift compared to T. hsutschouensis. These findings provide empirical evidence that accelerated climate change on the QTP has severe consequences for endemic populations with restricted and isolated habitats. This study demonstrates that different plateau fish have similarities and differences in their responses to climate change. Our findings also highlight that the effects of climate change must be incorporated into the integrated conservation plans for fish species on the QTP and its adjacent areas

Optimization of tungsten particles spheroidization with different size in thermal plasma reactor based on numerical simulation

Micro-size tungsten particles have been prepared by radio-frequency (RF) thermal plasma reactor. SEM images show that spheroidization ratio of small particles is obviously lower than that of big particles. Numerical model has been founded to simulate the spheroidization system to explain this phenomenon based on FLEUNT software. The calculation results indicate that small particles are easy to diffuse and &#39;back-mix&#39;, which will urge small particles to escape from the high temperature area, while big particles are flowing straightly through the high temperature area, as a result that small particles cannot absorb enough heat and cannot be spheroidized well. The forces of diffusion and &#39;back-mixing&#39; are each radial velocity and axial velocity. With some calculations based on the change of each gas flow, it can be found that appropriate combinations of gas flow can improve the spheroidization ratio of small particles. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</p

Research on the Manufacturing Process and Heat Transfer Performance of Ultra-Thin Heat Pipes: A Review

This paper reviews the manufacturing process of ultra-thin heat pipes and the latest process technologies in detail, focusing on the progress of the shape, structure, and heat transfer mechanism of the wick. The effects of the filling rate and tilt angle on the heat transfer performance of the ultra-thin heat pipe, as well as the material selection of ultra-thin heat pipes, is sorted out, and the surface modification technology is analyzed. Besides, the optimal design based on heat pipes is discussed. Spiral woven mesh wick and multi-size composite wick have significant advantages in the field of ultra-thin heat pipe heat transfer, and comprehensive surface modification technology has huge potential. Finally, an outlook on future scientific research in the field of ultra-thin heat pipes is proposed

A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF DESALINATION RESEARCH DURING 1997-2012

This study explores a bibliometric approach to quantitatively assessing current research trends on desalination, by using the related literature published between 1997 and 2012 in journals of all the subject categories of the Science Citation Index (SCI). The articles acquired from such literature were concentrated on the general analysis by publication type and language, characteristics of articles outputs, country, subject categories and journals, and the frequency of title-words and keywords used. Over the past 16 years, there had been a significant increase trend in publication outputs, along with more participation of countries/territories. The seven major industrialized countries (G7) published the majority of the world articles, while their article share was being replacing by other countries represented by BRIC countries. An analysis of the title-words and author keywords showed that seawater desalination and membrane technologies were the hottest topics in desalination research. In addition, forward osmosis and capacitive deionization have attracted great attention in the list since 2005. The findings of this study can help relevant researchers understand the performance of desalination research in the world, and suggest directions for further research by a bibliometric method